My new book!	Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained Translations, Common Names, Original Descriptions, Biographies and Mythological References of those honored in the nomenclature of the Salamanders ^. Frogs and Toads ^. Turtles ^. Alligators and Crocodiles ^. Lizards ^. Snakes of America North of Mexico.
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Translations and Original Descriptions
	Salamanders Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838 MOLE SALAMANDERS NL anabystoma to cram into the mouth — unknown reference Agassiz proposed in 1844 that Ambystoma might be a "lapsus calami" for Amblystoma (Gr. amblys blunt/ stoma mouth). The word part "amblys" was also used very early for marine iguanas and cited by Darwin. OD Ambystoma* Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92* Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) Ringed Salamander L. annulatum furnished w/rings — ref. ringed pattern on dorsum OD Ambystoma annulatum* (Cope, 1886) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 525* Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 Streamside Salamander NL honors Thomas Barbour OD Ambystoma barbouri* Kraus and Petranka, 1989 - Copeia, p. 95* Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) California Tiger Salamander NL belonging to the state of California — ref. state of occurrence OD Ambystoma californiense* (Gray, 1853) - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 21, p. 11, pl. 7* Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, 1868) Flatwoods Salamander L. cingulatum belted, girdled — ref. reticulated dorsal pattern OD Ambystoma cingulatum* (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 205* Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) Northwestern Salamander L. gracile slender, delicate — ref. form OD Ambystoma gracile* (Baird, 1859) - Pacific R. R. Report, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 13, pl. 44, fig. 2* Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 [:x] TRANS OD Ambystoma gracile decorticatum* Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 522* Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) Jefferson Salamander NL honors Jefferson College, PA OD Ambystoma jeffersonianum* (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1* Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 Blue-spotted Salamander L. laterale pertaining to the side — ref. blue spots on side OD Ambystoma laterale* Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 6* Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 Mabee's Salamander NL honors William Bruce Mabee OD Ambystoma mabeei* Bishop, 1928 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 43, No. 3-4, p. 157* Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Long-toed Salamander Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes OD Ambystoma macrodactylum* Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292* Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 Eastern Long-toed Salamander NL belonging to the Columbia River — ref. found in Columbia River drainage, OR, 1956 OD Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum* Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, p. 313* Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander L. croceum saffron colored (adj.) — ref. dull orange dorsal stripe OD Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum* Russell and Anderson, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 137* Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) Northern Long-toed Salamander NL honors Karl C.F. Krause OD Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei* (Peters, 1882) - Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, 1882, p. 145* Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Western Long-toed Salamander Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes OD Ambystoma macrodactylum* Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292* Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 Southern Long-toed Salamander L. sigillatum adorned with images or figures — ref. color pattern OD Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum* Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, 1961, p. 316* Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) Spotted Salamander L. maculatum spotted — ref. dorsal spotting OD Ambystoma maculatum* (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 304* Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander L. mavortium war-like — ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods! OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium* Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292* Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Dunn, 1940 Gray Tiger Salamander L. diaboli of a devil — ref. Devil's Lake, ND OD Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli* Dunn, 1940 - Copeia, p. 160* Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander L. mavortium war-like —ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods! OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium* Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292* Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum (Baird, 1860) Blotched Tiger Salamander Gr. melano black and Gr. stiktos spotted — ref. light spotting of dark dorsum OD Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum* (Baird, 1860) - in Cooper, Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, p. 306* Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 Arizona Tiger Salamander L. nebulosum cloudy — ref. overall color and pattern on dorsum OD Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum* Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 209* Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 Sonoran Tiger Salamander NL honors Robert Cyril Stebbins OD Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi* Lowe, 1954 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 67, p. 243* Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) Marbled Salamander L. opacum shaded, dark, obscure — ref. color pattern OD Ambystoma opacum* (Gravenhorst, 1807) - Gravenhorst, Vergl. Uebersicht Zool. Syst., p. 431* Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) Mole Salamander L. talpa mole and L. -oides similarity to a L. -eum having the quality of — ref. burrowing habits OD Ambystoma talpoideum* (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 117, pl. 29* Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) Smallmouth Salamander NL belonging to the state of TX — type locality, Cummings Creek, Fayette County, TX, 1855 OD Ambystoma texanum* (Matthes, 1855) - Allg. Deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, N.S., Vol. 1, p. 266* Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) Tiger Salamander L. tigrinum tiger — ref. coloration in some individuals OD Ambystoma tigrinum* (Green, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 116, pl. 25, fig. 7* Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 [:x] NL honors Jean-Louis Tremblay OD Ambystoma tremblayi* Comeau, 1943 - Ann. Assoc. Canadienne-Francaise Avance. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 124* Amphiuma Garden, 1821 AMPHIUMAS Gr. amphi on both sides and Gr. pneuma breathe — poss. misassumption that it breathed both air and water OD Amphiuma* Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333)* Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 Two-toed Amphiuma The describer gives no specific reason for "means": 1.) Gr. menos fierceness 2.) Gr. mania frenzy — may ref. its ability to bite or 3.) NL honoring an unspecified person named Means. OD Amphiuma means* Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333)* Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 One-toed Amphiuma Gr. pholeter one who hides in a hole — ref. habitat OD Amphiuma pholeter* Neill, 1964 - Herpetologica, Vol. 20, p. 62* Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 Three-toed Amphiuma Gr. tri three and Gr. daktylos finger or digit — ref. to the # of digits on both sets of limbs OD Amphiuma tridactylum* Cuvier, 1827 - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 14, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 4-6, pl. 2, figs. 9-18* Aneides Baird, 1849 CLIMBING SALAMANDERS Gr. an- lacking and Gr. eidos form or shape — Jaeger - Gr. aneidos, "shapeless" Baird spelled it "Anaides." OD Aneides* Baird, 1849 - in Heck, Iconographic Encycl. Zool., Vol. 2, p. 257* Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) Green Salamander L. aeneus bronze or copper — ref. lichen-like patches of dorsal color OD - Aneides aeneus* (Cope and Packard, 1881) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 15, No. 11, p. 878* Aneides ferreus (Cope, 1869) Clouded Salamander L. ferreus iron colored — ref. dorsal mottling, clouded color phase OD Aneides ferreus* Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 109* Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Black Salamander L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background OD Aneides flavipunctatus* (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71* Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Speckled Black Salamander L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background OD Aneides flavipunctatus* (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71* Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 Santa Cruz Black Salamander L. niger black — ref. adult color "shiny black without...spots" OD Aneides flavipunctatus niger* Myers and Maslin, 1948 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 61, p. 132* Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) Sacramento Mountain Salamander NL honors D. Elmo Hardy OD Aneides hardii* (Taylor, 1941) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 54, p. 77* Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) Arboreal Salamander L. lugubris gloomy, dark — poss. ref. dull coloration or ironic ref. OD Aneides lugubris* (Hallowell, 1849) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 126* Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) Wandering Salamander L. vagrans wandering — OD Aneides vagrans* (Wake and Jackman, 1999) [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 SLENDER SALAMANDERS Gr. batrachos amphibian, frog and Gr. seps lizard — describes lizard-like appearance OD Batrachoseps* Bonaparte, 1841 - Iconogr. Fauna Italica, Vol. 2, Fasc. 26, fol. 131, not paged* Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 Desert Slender Salamander L. aridus dry — ref. habitat, Coachella Valley, CA. OD Batrachoseps aridus* Brame, 1970 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 200, p. 2* Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Slender Salamander L. attenuatus slender, narrow — ref. elongate, slender body form OD Batrachoseps attenuatus* (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 1, pl. 21, figs. 1-14* Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 Inyo Mountains Salamander NL honors Charles L. Camp OD Batrachoseps campi* Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 308, p. 3* Batrachoseps diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Hell Hollow Slender Salamander Gr. diabolikos devilish — poss. ref. type locality OD Batrachoseps, diabolicus* Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998* Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 San Gabriel Slender Salamander NL of the San Gabriel Mountains — poss. ref. type loc. OD Batrachoseps gabrieli* Wake, 1996 [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander NL of the Gabilan Mountains — poss. ref. type loc. OD Batrachoseps gavilanensis* Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 TRANS OD Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998. Contribs. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist.[nc][tc]* Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 San Simeon Slender Salamander TRANS OD Batrachoseps incognitus* Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Herp. Monogr. 15. [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Sequoia Slender Salamander NL kawia — prob. ref. to the Kawia Indian Tribe of southern CA OD Batrachoseps kawia* Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps luciae Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Santa Lucia Slender Salamander NL Luciae — ref. Santa Lucia Mts., CA habitat OD Batrachoseps luciae* Jokusch et al. 2001, Herp. Monogr. 15: 1-53 [tc]* Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 Garden Slender Salamander L. major larger or greater — largest Batrachoseps OD Batrachoseps major* Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 327* Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Lesser Slender Salamander L. minor smaller, less — prob. ref. small body size OD Batrachoseps minor* Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 - Herp. Monogr. 15., p. ___ [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 Blackbelly Slender Salamander L. niger black and L. ventris of the belly — ref. dark venter OD Batrachoseps nigriventris* Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 98* Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) Channel Islands Slender Salamander NL of the Pacific Ocean — found on Northern Channel Islands, off CA coast OD Batrachoseps pacificus* (Cope, 1865) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 195* Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Kings River Slender Salamander L. regius of the king — ref. King's River, California locality OD Batrachoseps regius* Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Contribs. Los Angeles County Museum [nc][tc]* Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 Relictual Slender Salamander L. relictus to leave behind — ref. relict distribution OD Batrachoseps relictus* Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 5* Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Kern Plateau Salamander L. robust large bodied — poss. ref. body style OD Batrachoseps robustus* Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Copeia 4:1016-1028. [tc]* Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 Kern Canyon Slender Salamander L. simus pug-nose and L. -atus having the nature of — ref. appearance of face OD Batrachoseps simatus* Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 15* Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 Tehachapi Slender Salamander NL honors Robert C. Stebbins OD Batrachoseps stebbinsi* Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 18* Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) Oregon Slender Salamander NL honors Albert H. Wright and Margaret R. Wright OD Batrachoseps wrightorum* (Bishop, 1937) - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 93, pl. 9* Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 HELLBENDERS Gr. kryptos hidden and Gr. branchion gill — ref. lack of large external gills OD Cryptobranchus* Leuckart, 1821 - Encyklopadische Zeitung von Oken, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 260, also an abstract in Isis, 1821, Lit. Anz., p. 259* Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Hellbender NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803 OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis* (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231* Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Eastern Hellbender NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803 OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis* (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231* Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 Ozark Hellbender NL honors Sherman C. Bishop OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi* Grobman, 1943 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 470, p. 6* Desmognathus Baird, 1850 DUSKY SALAMANDERS Gr. desmos ligament and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. bundle of ligaments holding jaw OD Desmognathus* Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 282 and p. 285* Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 Cumberland Dusky Salamander TRANS--- common name refers to its restriction to the Cumberland Plateau OD Desmognathus abditus* Anderson and Tilley, 2003 - Systematics of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Herpetological Monographs 17: 75-110. [tc]* Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 Seepage Salamander L. aeneus copper or bronze — ref. dorsal body color OD Desmognathus aeneus* Brown and Bishop, 1947 - Copeia, p. 163* Desmognathus apalachicolae Bruce and Karlin, 1989 Apalachicola Dusky Salamander NL of the Apalachicola National Forest OD Desmognathus apalachicolae* Means and Karlin, 1989 - Herpetologica, Vol. 45, p. 38* Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) Southern Dusky Salamander L. auriculatus having an external ear — ref. oblong brownish spot on the side of its head OD Desmognathus auriculatus* (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 115, pl. 28* Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1894c Ouachita Dusky Salamander NL honors C.S. and H.H. Brimley OD Desmognathus brimleyorum* Stejneger, 1895 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 597* Desmognathus carolinensis Dunn, 1916 Carolina Dusky Salamander NL belonging to Carolina — poss ref. type loc. Mt. Mitchell, NC OD Desmognathus carolinensis* (Dunn, 1916) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29:74 [tc]* Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 Spotted Dusky Salamander NL honors Roger Conant OD Desmognathus conanti* Rossman, 1958 - Herpetologica, Vol. 14, p. 158* Desmognathus folkertsi Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002 Dwarf Blackbelly Salamander NL honors _______ Folkerts BIO OD - Camp, Carlos D., Stephen G. Tilley, Richard M. Austin, Jr., and Jeremy L. Marshall. 2002. A New Species of Black-bellied Salamander (Genus Desmognathus) from the Appalachian Mountains of Northern Georgia. Herpetologica 58(4): 471-484. [tc] Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) Northern Dusky Salamander L. fuscus dark, swarthy — "dusky" OD Desmognathus fuscus* (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1., p. 357* Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 Imitator Salamander L. imitator one who mimics — alludes to the resemblance between red cheeked specimens and similarly patterned, sympatric Plethodon jordani OD Desmognathus imitator* Dunn, 1927 - Copeia, p. 84* Desmognathus marmoratus Moore, 1899 L. marmoratus marbled — ref. marbled dorsal pattern OD Desmognathus marmoratus* (Moore, 1899) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316, pl. 14, figs. 1-10* Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 Seal Salamander L. monticola mountaineer, highlander — ref. habitat of species OD Desmognathus monticola* Dunn, 1916 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 29, p. 73* Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 [:x] NL honors Thomas Jefferson OD Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni* Hoffman, 1951 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 66, p. 250, pl. 17, fig. 2, map 1* Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 Mountain Dusky Salamander Gr. ochros yellow, pale and Gr. phaeos light — ref. bright coloration of some individuals OD Desmognathus ochrophaeus* Cope, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 124* Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 Ocoee Salamander NL Ocoee Gorge — ref. type loc. in Polk Cty., TN OD Desmognathus ocoee* Nicholls, 1949 - Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci 24:127 [tc]* Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 Blue Ridge Dusky Salamander NL honors Orestes - in mythology, a son of Agamemnon and a mountaineer — poss. ref. habitat OD Desmognathus orestes* Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 [nc][tc]* Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) Blackbelly Salamander L. quadrus four-fold and L. maculatus spotted — ref. 4 rows of small light spots OD Desmognathus quadramaculatus* (Holbrook, 1840) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, pl. 26 misprinted 27, p. 121* Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 Santeetlah Dusky Salamander NL belonging to Santeetlah Creek, NC — prominant geographic name in region of type locality OD Desmognathus santeetlah* Tilley, 1981 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 695, p. 3* Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 Black Mountain Salamander NL honors Wilfred August Welter OD Desmognathus welteri* Barbour, 1950 - Copeia, p. 277* Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 Pigmy Salamander NL honors George M. Wright OD Desmognathus wrighti* King, 1936 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 57, pl. 5* Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 GIANT SALAMANDERS Gr. di two and Gr. kamptos curved, bent and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to doubly curved teeth OD Dicamptodon* Strauch, 1870 - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 68* Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) NCN TRANS OD Dicamptodon aterrimus* (Cope, 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, 2nd Series, p. 201* Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 Cope's Giant Salamander NL honors Edward Drinker Cope OD Dicamptodon copei* Nussbaum, 1970 - Copeia, p. 506* Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Giant Salamander L. ensatus sword-shaped — poss. ref. to the pointed teeth OD Dicamptodon ensatus* (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 6, pl. 22* Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Pacific Giant Salamander L. tenebrosus dark, gloomy — poss. ref. color or habitat OD Dicamptodon tenebrosus* (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Ensatina Gray, 1850 ENSATINAS L. ensatus sword shaped and L. -ina similar to — poss. ref. to the teeth OD Ensatina* Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48* Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray, 1850 Monterey Ensatina NL honors Johann F. Eschscholtz OD Ensatina eschscholtzi* Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48* Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, 1869) Yellow-blotched Ensatina L. croceus saffron colored and L. -ater black — ref. color pattern OD Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater* (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 210* Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 Large-blotched Ensatina NL honors Laurence M. Klauber OD Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi* Dunn, 1929 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 74, Art. 25, p. 2* Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) Oregon Ensatina NL belonging to the state of Oregon — ref. distribution OD Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis* (Girard, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 141* Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 Painted Ensatina L. picta painted or embroidered — ref. bright dorsal coloration OD Ensatina eschscholtzii picta* Wood, 1940 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 425* Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Espada, 1875) Sierra Nevada Ensatina NL belonging to the Rio La Plata, Uruguay — Espada named this salamander Urotropis platensis because he thought it came from Montevideo, Uruguay OD Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis* (Jimenez de la Espada, 1875) - An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 4, p. 71, pl. 1* Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 Yellow-eyed Ensatina Gr. xanthos yellow and Gr. ops eye and Gr. -ika belonging to — ref. eye color OD Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica* Stebbins, 1949 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 48, No. 6, p. 407, pl. 11, figs. 2 and 12* Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 BROOK SALAMANDERS NL.. probably honors Eurydice — although Rafinesque only wrote "Mythological" OD Eurycea* Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N. S., Vol. 1, No. 9, Feb. 28, p. 3, column 6* Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) Northern Two-lined Salamander L. bis twice and L. lineata lined, streaked — ref. to two dorsal stripes OD Eurycea bislineata* (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 352* Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003 Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander NL honors _____ Chamberlain BIO OD Eurycea chamberlaini* Harrison and Guttman, 2003. A New Species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist 2(2): 159-178. [tc]* Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Chisholm Trail Salamander NL belonging to the Chisholm Trail — ref. locality OD Eurycea chisholmensis* Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc]* Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) Southern Two-lined Salamander L. cirrus lock, curl of hair and L. gera bearing — alludes to pendant nasolabial process in sexually active males. OD Eurycea cirrigera* (Green, 1830) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 253* Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 Junaluska Salamander NL honors Junaluska, whose statue inspired the honorific. OD Eurycea junaluska* Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 - Herpetologica, Vol. 32, p. 26* Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 Cascade Cavern Salamander L. latito, to hide, conceal — prob. ref. to reclusive nature and habitat OD Eurycea latitans* Smith and Potter, 1946 - Herpetologica, Vol. 3, p. 106* Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length OD Eurycea longicauda* (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351* Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) Three-lined Salamander L. gutta spot, drop and L. lineata lined — ref. conspicuous 3 lines formed by its spots OD Eurycea longicauda guttolineata* (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 61, pl. 12* Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length OD Eurycea longicauda* (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351* Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) Dark-sided Salamander Gr. melaina black and Gr. pleura side of body — type specimens were juveniles and did not show adult pattern OD Eurycea longicauda melanopleura* (Cope, 1893) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 45, p. 383* Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 Cave Salamander L. lucis light and L. fuga flee — "relates to its habit of avoiding light" OD Eurycea lucifuga* Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N.S., Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 3.* Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds OD Eurycea multiplicata* (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106* Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 Graybelly Salamander L. griseus greyish and Gr. gaster belly — ref. greyish colored venter OD Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster* Moore and Hughes, 1941 - Copeia, p. 139* Eurycea multiplicata multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds OD Eurycea multiplicata* (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106* Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 San Marcos Salamander 1.) Gr. nanos dwarf or 2.) L. nanus dwarf — ref. small size OD Eurycea nana* Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 1* Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 San Gabriel Springs Salamander L. naufragium remnants, remains — refers to human fragmentation of its spring habitats OD Eurycea naufragia* Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc]* Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 Texas Salamander Gr. neotes youth and Gr. -enos pertaining to — ref. sexual maturity while in larval stage OD Eurycea neotenes* Bishop and Wright, 1937 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 50, p. 142* Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter, 1950 Fern Bank Salamander Gr. ptero fern and Gr. philos lover of — ref. habitat OD Eurycea pterophila* Burger, Smith and Potter 1950. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63:51* Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) Dwarf Salamander L. quadra four and L. digita fingers or digits and L. -ata having — ref. to number of toes on feet OD Eurycea quadridigitata* (Holbrook, 1842) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 5, p. 65, pl. 21* Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price and Hillis, 1993 Barton Springs Salamander NL honors the conservation group "Save Our Springs" OD Eurycea sosorum* Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetologica, 49: 249 [tc]* Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Tonkawa Springs Salamander NL belonging to Tonkawa Springs — ref. locality OD Eurycea tonkawae* Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetol. Monogr., 14: 32 [tc]* Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 Comal Blind Salamander L. tridentifera trident-bearer, epithet of Neptune — ref. to internal anatomy OD Eurycea tridentifera* Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 17, p. 14* Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 Valdina Farms Salamander Gr. trogle, a hole made by knawing Gr. dytes burrower — from which was coined the French word troglodytes meaning dwellers in caves — prob. ref. habitat OD Eurycea troglodytes* Baker, 1957 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 328-9 [tc]* Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 Oklahoma Salamander NL belonging to Tyner Creek, OK — type locality, Adair Cty., OK, 1939 OD Eurycea tynerensis* Moore and Hughes, 1939 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 697* Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 Common Name TBA NL belonging to Waterloo — poss. ref. locality OD Eurycea waterlooensis* Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 - 2001 Herpetologica Vol. 57, Number 3, pages 266-280.* Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander NL honors Inez Whipple Wilder OD Eurycea wilderae* Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 134* Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 SPRING SALAMANDERS Gr. gyrinos tadpole and Gr. philos loving, fond of — ref. multi-year larval phase OD Gyrinophilus* Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 108* Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 Berry Cave Salamander L. gula throat and L. lineatus marked w/lines — ref. striped throat OD Gyrinophilus palleucus gulolineatus* Brandon, 1965 - Copeia, p. 347* Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Tennessee Cave Salamander Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration OD Gyrinophilus palleucus* McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201* Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 Big Mouth Cave Salamander Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura the tail and Gr. -oides similarity to — ref. dorsal color like Necturus OD Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides* Lazell and Brandon, 1962 - Copeia, p. 301* Gyrinophilus palleucus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Pale Salamander Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration OD Gyrinophilus palleucus* McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201* Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Spring Salamander Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus* (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2* Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, 1901) Blue Ridge Spring Salamander NL honors Lewis E. Daniels OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi* (Blatchley, "1900" 1901) - 25 Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 760* Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 Carolina Spring Salamander NL honors Emmett Reid Dunn OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni* Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 - Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 101, No. 2, July 14, p. 2, pl. 1* Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) Kentucky Spring Salamander NL honors Ralph Dury OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi* (Weller, 1930) - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 1, Nos. 5-6, p. [6]* Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Northern Spring Salamander Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus* (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2* Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 West Virginia Spring Salamander L. sub below and L. terra ground and L. -aneus belonging to — ref. habitat OD Gyrinophilus subterraneus* Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 - Copeia, p. 626* Haideotriton Carr, 1934 GEORGIA BLIND SALAMANDERS Gr. haidos Hades the abode of dead and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a European genus of salamander — ref. subterranean habitat. OD Haideotriton* Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 334* Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 Georgia Blind Salamander NL honors Howard K. Wallace OD Haideotriton wallacei* Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 335, pl. 11-12* Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838 FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER Gr. hemi half and Gr. daktylion fusion of digits — ref. reduced number of digits on each hind foot OD Hemidactylium* Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 59* Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) Four-toed Salamander L. scutatum armed w/a shield — costal grooves appear covered with shield-like plates OD Hemidactylium scutatum* (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) - in Von Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Saur. Batr., Pt. 3, p. 119* Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 WEB-TOED SALAMANDERS Gr. hydro water and Gr. mantis soothsayer or prophet — OD Hydromantes* Gistel, 1848 - Naturgesch. Thierr., p. xi* Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 Limestone Salamander L. brunus brown — ref. adult coloration OD Hydromantes brunus* Gorman, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 153* Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) Mount Lyell Salamander Gr. platys flat and Gr. kephalos headed — ref. to flat head OD Hydromantes platycephalus* (Camp, 1916) - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, p. 11* Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 Shasta Salamander NL Shasta County, CA — type locality OD Hydromantes shastae* Gorman and Camp, 1953 - Copeia, p. 39* Leurognathus Moore, 1899 [:x] Gr. leuros smooth or even and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. to flat palate devoid of a premaxillary fontanelle OD Leurognathus* Moore, 1899 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316* Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 WATERDOGS AND MUDPUPPY Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura tail — ref. aquatic existence OD Necturus* Rafinesque, 1819 - Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Blainville, Vol. 88, June, pp. 417-418* Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 Alabama Waterdog NL belonging to the state of Alabama — type collected near Tuscaloosa, AL OD Necturus alabamensis* Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 121* Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 Gulf Coast Waterdog NL honors George E. Beyer OD Necturus beyeri* Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 123* Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River Waterdog NL honors Frank B. Lewis OD Necturus lewisi* Brimley, 1924 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 11, p. 167* Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 Red River Mudpuppy NL belonging to the state of Louisiana — type collected near Pollock, LA OD Necturus louisianensis* Viosca, 1938 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 51, p. 143* Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) Mudpuppy L. maculosus full of spots — ref. somewhat spotted dorsum OD Necturus maculosus* (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 41* Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog L. punctatus having spots or points — ref. spotted dorsum OD Necturus punctatus* (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159* Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 Mobile Dwarf Waterdog NL honors Henry P. Loding OD Necturus punctatus lodingi* Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 126* Necturus punctatus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog L. punctatus having spots or points — OD Necturus punctatus* (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159* Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 EASTERN NEWTS Gr. noto mark Gr. ophtalmus eye — ref. eye spots on sides and back OD Notophthalmus* Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5* Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Black-spotted Newt L. meridionalis southern — ref southerly distribution of this species OD Notophthalmus meridionalis* (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 30* Notophthalmus meridionalis meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Texas Black-spotted Newt L. meridionalis southern — ref. southerly distribution of this species OD Notophthalmus* Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5* Notophthalmus perstriatus Bishop, 1941 Striped Newt L. per through (throughout) L. striatus lined, layered or channeled — ref. dorsolateral red lines OD Notophthalmus perstriatus* (Bishop, 1941) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2* Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Eastern Newt L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color OD Notophthalmus viridescens* (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5* Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) Broken-striped Newt L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. broken red lines on dorsum OD Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis* (Harlan, 1828) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 101* Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) Central Newt NL louisianaensis belongs to the state of LA — type locality, New Orleans, LA, l9l4 OD Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis* (Wolterstorff, 1914) - Abh. Mus. Nat. Heimatk. Magdeburg, Vol. 2, Pt. 4, p. 383* Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) Peninsula Newt NL piaropus water hyacinths and L. -icola inhabitant of — ref. habit of living in beds of water hyacinths OD Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola* (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 219, pl. 1* Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Red-spotted Newt L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color OD Notophthalmus viridescens* (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5* Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 RED HILLS SALAMANDER Gr. phaios dun colored, dark and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. dark jaw lacking light diagonal line characteristic of other desmognathoid salamanders OD Phaeognathus* Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 66* Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 Red Hills Salamander NL honors Leslie Hubricht OD Phaeognathus hubrichti* Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 67* Plethodon Tschudi, 1838 WOODLAND SALAMANDERS Gr. plethore fullness or full of and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to the number of vomerine and paravomerine teeth OD Plethodon* Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92* Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 Catahoula Salamander NL honors Jackson Harold Ainsworth BIO OD Plethodon ainsworthi* Lazell, 1998 - Copeia, 1998: 967 [tc]* Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 Western Slimy Salamander L. alba white and L. gula throat — ref. color of chin OD Plethodon albagula* Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 283* Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Blue Ridge Graycheek Salamander L. amplus large body — ref. large body size OD Plethodon amplus* Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]* Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 Ozark Zigzag Salamander L. angusticlavius bearing a narrow purple stripe — ref. to dorsal striping OD Plethodon angusticlavius* Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 266* Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1983 Tellico Salamander L. aureolus golden, splendid — poss. ref. coloration OD Plethodon aureolus* Highton, 1984 - Brimleyana, Vol. 9, p. 2* Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 Caddo Mountain Salamander NL belongs to the Caddo Mountains, AR — type locality of the holotype, l950 OD Plethodon caddoensis* Pope and Pope, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 148* Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander NL chattahoochee — ref. locality OD Plethodon chattahoochee* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 55* Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 Cheoah Bald Salamander NL cheoah — ref. locality, Cheoah Bald, NC. OD Plethodon cheoah* Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]* Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander Gr. chloro green and Gr. bryonis white bitter root juice — poss. ref. to slimy skin secretions OD Plethodon chlorobryonis* Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 108* Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) Redback Salamander L. cinereus ash colored — ref. dorsal color of lead backed phase OD Plethodon cinereus* (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 356* Plethodon cylindraceus NCN* TRANS OD Plethodon cylindraceus* (Harlan, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 156-157[tc]* Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 Zigzag Salamander L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. differences in dorsal patterns of P. dorsalis and P. cinereus OD Plethodon dorsalis* Cope, 1889 - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 138* Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 Dunn's Salamander NL honors Emmett R. Dunn OD Plethodon dunni* Bishop, 1934 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 47, p. 169* Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 Northern Ravine Salamander NL.. electro ref. to electrophoresis and NGr. morphus change — prob. ref. to use of new technology to separate it from its previous name OD Plethodon electromorphus* Highton, 1999 [nc][tc]* Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 Del Norte Salamander L. elongatus slender, attenuated — most slender western Plethodon OD Plethodon elongatus* Van Denburgh, 1916 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 216* Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 Fourche Mountain Salamander NL fourchensis belongs to the Fourche Mountains, AR — type-locality, Polk Cty., AR, 1976 OD Plethodon fourchensis* Duncan and Highton, 1979 - Copeia, p. 109* Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) Northern Slimy Salamander L. glutinosus full of glue, very gluey — ref. sticky skin OD Plethodon glutinosus* (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 357* Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 Southeastern Slimy Salamander NL honors Arnold B. Grobman OD Plethodon grobmani* Allen and Neill, 1949 - Herpetologica Vol. 5, page 112* Plethodon hoffmani Highton, 1971 Valley and Ridge Salamander NL honors Richard L. Hoffman OD Plethodon hoffmani* Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 151* Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 Peaks of Otter Salamander NL honors Leslie Hubricht OD Plethodon hubrichti* Thurow, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 59* Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 Coeur d'Alene Salamander NL belonging to the state of Idaho — ref. type locality OD Plethodon idahoensis* Slater and Slip, 1940 - Occ. Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Puget Sound, Vol. 8, p. 38, figs. 1-2* Plethodon jordani Blatchley, 1901 Jordan's Salamander NL honors David S.Jordan OD Plethodon jordani* Blatchley, "1900" 1901 - 25th Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 762* Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 Cumberland Plateau Salamander NL Kentucky — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon kentucki* Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 105* Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 Kiamichi Slimy Salamander NL Kiamichi — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon kiamichi* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 62* Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 Louisiana Slimy Salamander NL Kisatchie — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon kisatchie* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 67* Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 Larch Mountain Salamander NL honors Olaf Larsell OD Plethodon larselli* Burns, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 83* Plethodon meridianus Highton and Peabody, 2000 South Mountain Graycheek Salamander L. meridianus belonging to the meridian — pres. ref. refers to its distribution endemic to the South Mountains OD Plethodon meridianusHighton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc] Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912 Southern Graycheek Salamander NL honors (possibly Maynard M.) Metcalf OD Plethodon metcalfi* Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc]* Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 Mississippi Slimy Salamander NL Mississippi — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon mississippi* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, 1989 Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 65* Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Northern Graycheek Salamander L. montanus belonging to a mountain — poss. ref. type locality OD Plethodon montanus* Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]* Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 Jemez Mountains Salamander NL belonging to the state of New Mexico — holotype found in Jemez Mountains, NM, l950 OD Plethodon neomexicanus* Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 - Copeia, p. 73* Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 Cheat Mountain Salamander NL honors Morris Graham Netting OD Plethodon nettingi* Green, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, No. 19, p. 295* Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander NL Ocmulgee — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon ocmulgee* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 60* Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 Southern Appalachian Salamander NL Oconaluftee — poss. ref. type loc. OD Plethodon oconaluftee* Hairston, 1993 [nc][tc]* Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heintze, 1933 Rich Mountain Salamander NL Ouachita Natl. Forest, AR — area where the holotype was found, 1933 OD Plethodon ouachitae* Dunn and Heinze, 1933 - Copeia, p. 121* Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 NCN L. petraeus growing among rocks — prob. ref. habitat OD Plethodon petraeus* Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 - Herpetologica, Vol. 44, p. 135.* Plethodon punctatus Highton, 1972 White-spotted Salamander L. punctatus spotted — prob. ref. pattern OD Plethodon punctatus* Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 176* Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 Ravine Salamander NL honors Neil Dwight Richmond OD Plethodon richmondi* Netting and Mittleman, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, p. 288, pl. 30, fig. 1* Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 Savannah Slimy Salamander NL honors Savannah — poss. ref. type loc OD Plethodon savannah* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 73* Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 Sequoyah Slimy Salamander NL sequoyah, a genus of trees in their habitat which in turn honors Sequoyah OD Plethodon sequoyah* Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 68* Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 Southern Redback Salamander L. serratus serrated or notched — "refers to the condition of the diagnostic character: the saw-toothed edge of the dorsal line." OD Plethodon serratus* Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci, Vol. 45, No. 7, p. 306* Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 Shenandoah Salamander NL Shenandoah Mountains, VA and WV — prob. ref. type locality OD Plethodon shenandoah* Highton and Worthington, 1967 - Copeia, p. 619* Plethodon shermani Brimley, 1912 Red-legged Salamander NL honors ______ Sherman BIO OD Plethodon shermani* Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc]* Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 Siskiyou Mountains Salamander NL honors Robert M. Storm OD Plethodon stormi* Highton and Brame, 1965 - Pilot Register of Zoology, Card No. 20, 1-2* Plethodon teyahalee NCN TRANS OD Plethodon teyahalee* Hairston, 1950 - Copeia, p. 269 [tc]* Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 Van Dyke's Salamander NL honors Edwin C. Van Dyke OD Plethodon vandykei* Van Denburgh, 1906 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, p. 61* Plethodon variolatus Gilliams, 1818 South Carolina Slimy Salamander L. variolatus spotted like small pox — ref. pattern OD Plethodon variolatus* (Gilliams, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, p. 460, pl. 18, fig. 1* Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) Western Redback Salamander L. vehiculum vehicle, conveyance — OD Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) - Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, (Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4), p. viii (list of illustrations), pl. 31, fig. 4 Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 Southern Zigzag Salamander L. ventralis of the belly — OD Plethodon ventralis* Highton, 1997 [nc]* Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 Shenandoah Mountain Salamander NL ref. locality OD Plethodon virginia* Highton, 1999 [nc][tc]* Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 Webster's Salamander NL honors T. Preston Webster OD Plethodon websteri* Highton, 1979 - Brimleyana, Vol. 1, p. 32* Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 Wehrle's Salamander NL honors Richard W. Wehrle OD Plethodon wehrlei* Fowler and Dunn, 1917 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 69, p. 23, pl. 4* Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 Weller's Salamander NL honors Worth Hamilton Weller OD Plethodon welleri* Walker, 1931 - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 2, p. 48* Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 Yonahlossee Salamander NL Yonahlossee Road, NC — type locality, Avery Cty., NC, 1917 OD Plethodon yonahlossee* Dunn, 1917 - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 37, p. 598* Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 DWARF SIREN Gr. pseudes false and Gr. branchos gills — describer believed the gills spiracle covers OD Pseudobranchus* Gray, 1825 - Ann. Philos, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 216* Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 Southern Dwarf Siren (nominate subspecies is "Narrow-striped Dwarf Siren") Gr. a without and Gr. xanthos yellow — refers to the difference in coloration between this and P. s. striatus OD Pseudobranchus axanthus* Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 183, pl. 1, figs. 1 and 2* Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 Everglades Dwarf Siren NL honors L. Neil Bell OD Pseudobranchus axanthus belli* Schwartz, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 115, p. 1* Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Dwarf Siren L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings OD Pseudobranchus striatus* (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4* Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 Gulf Hammock Dwarf Siren L. lustrum bog or morass and L. -icolus inhabiting — type locality, Levy Cty., FL, 1950 OD Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus* Neill, 1951 - Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 39* Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 Slender Dwarf Siren Gr. spheniskos a small wedge — head and snout are narrow and wedge shaped OD Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus* Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 31, No. 10, p. 277* Pseudobranchus striatus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Broad-striped Dwarf Siren L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings OD Pseudobranchus striatus* (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4* Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838 RED and MUD SALAMANDERS Gr. pseudes false and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a genus of European salamanders which this resembles OD Pseudotriton* Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 60* Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 Midland Mud Salamander Gr. dia throughout and Gr. stiktos dotted — ref. distinct dorsal spotting OD Pseudotriton diastictus* Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 14, pl. 2* Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander L. montanus belonging to a mountain — type specimen found on South Mountain, PA, l849 OD Pseudotriton montanus* Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293* Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 Gulf Coast Mud Salamander L. flavus yellow and L. -issimus most or very much — poss. ref. suffusion of light coloration that obscures spotting OD Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus* Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130* Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 Rusty Mud Salamander NL state of Florida — type locality, U of FL Campus, Gainesville, FL, 1936 OD Pseudotriton montanus floridanus* Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 175, pl. 1, fig. 5* Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander L. montana a mountain and L. -anus belonging to — type specimen found on South Mtn., PA, l849 OD Pseudotriton montanus* Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293* Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) Red Salamander L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color OD Pseudotriton ruber* (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305* Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Red Salamander L. nitidus bright or glittering — ref. brilliant dorsal color OD Pseudotriton ruber nitidus* Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 133* Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Latreille, 1801) Northern Red Salamander L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color OD Pseudotriton ruber* (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305* Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) Blackchin Red Salamander NL honors C.A. Schenck OD Pseudotriton ruber schencki* (Brimley, 1912) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 25, No. 28, p. 139, pl. 7, figs. 12-13, 15, 17-18, and 20-22* Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 Southern Red Salamander NL honors Percy Viosca, Jr. OD Pseudotriton ruber vioscai* Bishop, 1928 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, p. 247, pl. 15* Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 TORRENT SALAMANDERS Gr. rhyakos stream and Gr. Triton Greek sea god and a European salamander genus OD Rhyacotriton* Dunn, 1920 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 7, p. 56* Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 Cascades Torrent Salamander NL Cascades Mountains — ref. habitat OD Rhyacotriton cascadae* Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc]* Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 Columbia Torrent Salamander NL honors James Kezer OD Rhyacotriton kezeri* Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc]* Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) Olympic Torrent Salamander NL Olympic Mountains, WA — type locality, Lake Cushman, WA, 1916 OD Rhyacotriton olympicus* (Gaige, 1917) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 40, p. 2, pl. 1* Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 Southern Torrent Salamander L. variegatus variegated — ref. dorsal color/pattern OD Rhyacotriton variegatus* Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 471* Siren Linnaeus, 1766 SIRENS Gr. seiren mermaids of Greek myth — ref. physical traits described by Oesterdam, l769: no hind legs, curving tail and body. OD Siren* Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged)* Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 Lesser Siren L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size OD Siren intermedia* Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269* Siren intermedia intermedia Barnes, 1826 Eastern Lesser Siren L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size OD Siren intermedia* Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269* Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 Western Lesser Siren NL honors Morris Graham Netting OD Siren intermedia nettingi* Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, p. 211* Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 NCN NL texana belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality or range OD Siren intermedia texana* Goin, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 37 [tc]* Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 Greater Siren L. lacerta a lizard and L. -ina pertaining to — ref. serpentine body and poss. ref. genus Lacerta OD Siren lacertina* Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged)* Stereochilus Cope, 1869 MANY-LINED SALAMANDER Gr. stereos firm or solid and Gr. cheilos lip — alludes to the taxonomic character of the tongue attachment OD Stereochilus* Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 100* Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) Many-lined Salamander L. marginatus bordered, lined — ref. streaked/striped color pattern on individuals of this species OD Stereochilus marginatus* (Hallowell, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130* Taricha Gray, 1850 PACIFIC NEWTS Gr. tarichos preserved mummy — poss. ref. rough skinned appearance OD Taricha* Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., Part 2, p. 25* Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Roughskin Newt L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults OD Taricha granulosa* (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1* Taricha granulosa granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Northern Roughskin Newt L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults OD Taricha granulosa* (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1* Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) Crater Lake Newt NL Mt. Mazama, OR — type locality, Crater Lake National Park, OR, 1942 OD Taricha granulosa mazamae* (Myers, 1942) - Copeia, p. 80* Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) Redbelly Newt L. rivularis of a brook or stream — breeds only in streams OD Taricha rivularis* (Twitty, 1935) - Copeia, p. 73* Taricha torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) California Newt L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body OD Taricha torosa* (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15* Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) Sierra Newt NL Sierra Nevada Mountains — type locality, Butte County, CA, l937 OD Taricha torosa sierrae* (Twitty, 1942) - Copeia, p. 65, pl. 1 and 4* Taricha torosa torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) Coast Range Newt L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body OD Taricha torosa* (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15* Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1895 TEXAS BLIND SALAMANDERS Gr. typhlos blind and German molge salamander — OD Typhlomolge* Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620* Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1895 Texas Blind Salamander NL honors Richard Rathbun OD Typhlomolge rathbuni* Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620* Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 Blanco Blind Salamander L. robusta strong, tough bodied — ref. robustness of species compared to T. rathbuni OD Typhlomolge robusta* Longley, 1978 - Endangered Species Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, Vol. 2, pp. 1-10* Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1892 GROTTO SALAMANDER Gr. typhlos blind and Gr. triton sea god and European genus of salamander — refers to loss of eyes in cave habitat OD Typhlotriton* Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 115* Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1892 Grotto Salamander L. spelaeum cave — type locality, Rock House Cave, Barry Cty., MO OD Typhlotriton spelaeus* Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 116, pl. 9* Frogs and Toads Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 CRICKET FROGS Gr. akris locust — ref. call of genus, like insect song OD Acris* Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 506* Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog L. crepitans clattering — ref. repititious clicking call OD Acris crepitans* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59* Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 Blanchard's Cricket Frog NL honors Frank N. Blanchard OD Acris crepitans blanchardi* Harper, 1947 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 60, p. 39* Acris crepitans crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog L. crepitans clattering — ref. repeating clicking call OD Acris crepitans* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59* Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 Coastal Cricket Frog L. paludicola inhabitant of a marsh — ref. habitat of species OD Acris crepitans paludicola* Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 - Journ. Tennessee Acad. Sci., Vol. 24, p. 131* Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound OD Acris gryllus* (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282* Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) Florida Cricket Frog L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — OD Acris gryllus dorsalis* (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 340* Acris gryllus gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound OD Acris gryllus* (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282* Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 TAILED FROG Gr. a without and Gr. skaphis spade — notes lack of metatarsal spade OD Ascaphus* Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 899* Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 Tailed Frog NL honors Frederick W. True OD Ascaphus truei* Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 900, pl. 89, figs. 1-4* Bufo Laurenti, 1768 TRUE TOADS L. bufo toad — Toads have been known since ancient times. OD Bufo* Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 25* Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 Colorado River Toad L. alvus the womb or belly and L. -arius belonging to — OD Bufo alvarius* Girard, 1859 - in Baird, Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., p. 26, pl. 41, figs. 1-6* Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American Toad NL belonging to America — poss. ref. wide distribution OD Bufo americanus* Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9* Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, 1836 Eastern American Toad NL belonging to America "most widely diffused of all American toads" OD Bufo americanus* Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9* Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 Dwarf American Toad NL honors Charles C. Smith OD Bufo americanus charlesmithi* Bragg, 1954 - Wasmann Journ. Biol., Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 245* Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 [:x] NL honors Edward Drinker Cope OD Bufo americanus copei* Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 - Report Batr. Calif. Ariz. Nev., p. 207; reprint p. 4* Bufo baxteri Porter, 1964 Wyoming Toad NL honors George Baxter OD Bufo baxteri* Porter, 1968 - Evolution, Vol. 22, p. 593* Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Toad Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range OD Bufo boreas* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Boreal Toad Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range OD Bufo boreas* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 California Toad Gr. halos sea, salt and Gr. philos having an affinity for — ref. coastal distribution OD Bufo boreas halophilus* Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 301* Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 Amargosa Toad NL honors Edward William Nelson OD Bufo boreas nelsoni* Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 220, pl. 3, figs. 4a and 4b* Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 Arroyo Toad NL belonging to the state of California — ref. to type locality Ventura County, CA, 1912 OD Bufo californicus* Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, p. 331* Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 Yosemite Toad L. canorus tuneful — "melodious trill uttered by this toad" OD Bufo canorus* Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 59* Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains Toad L. cognatus related by birth — OD Bufo cognatus* Say, 1823 - in James, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., Vol. 2, p. 190* Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 Green Toad L. debilis lame, crippled or frail — OD Bufo debilis* Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87* Bufo debilis debilis Girard, 1854 Eastern Green Toad L. debilis lame, crippled or frail — OD Bufo debilis* Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87* Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 Western Green Toad L. insidior to lay in wait for, cunning — OD Bufo debilis insidior* Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 88* Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 Black Toad L. exsul exile, refugee — ref. isolated distribution OD Bufo exsul* Myers, 1942 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 460, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2* Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 Fowler's Toad NL honors Samuel Fowler OD Bufo fowleri* Hinckley, 1882 - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, p. 310* Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 Canadian Toad Gr. hemi half and Gr. ophrys brow, eyebrow — poss. ref. to eye shape OD Bufo hemiophrys* Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 515* Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston Toad NL belongs to Houston — holotype collected in Houston, TX, l952 OD Bufo houstonensis* Sanders, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 27, fig. 1* Bufo marinus (Linneaus, 1758) Cane Toad L. marinus pertaining to the sea — Linnaeus described from a drawing in Seba (1734) who mistakenly believed the species lived on land and in the sea OD Bufo marinus* (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 211* Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 Arizona Toad Gr. mikros small and Gr. skaphis shovel — ref. tarsal spade OD Bufo microscaphus* Cope, "1866" 1867 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, Oct., p. 301* Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-spotted Toad L. punctatus spotted — ref. spotted dorsal pattern OD Bufo punctatus* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173* Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 Oak Toad L. quercus oak tree and L. -icus belonging to — ref. habitat OD Bufo quercicus* Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 109, pl. 22* Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 Sonoran Green Toad L. retis of a net and L. forma shape and L. -is pertaining to — ref. net-like dorsal pattern of black lines OD Bufo retiformis* Sanders and Smith, 1951 - Field and Laboratory, Vol. 19, p. 153, pl. 3, fig. 1* Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas Toad L. speciosus showy, beautiful — misnomer, it's an ugly toad OD Bufo speciosus* Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86* Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) Southern Toad L. terrestris pertaining to the earth — ref. burrowing habits OD Bufo terrestris* (Bonnaterre, 1789) - Tabl. Encycl. Meth. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp., p. 8* Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 Gulf Coast Toad L. vallis hollow and NL ceps head — ref. valley between cranial crests OD Bufo valliceps* Wiegmann, 1833 - Herpetologische Beitrage. Isis von Oken, Vol. 26, p. 657* Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's Toad NL honors Samuel W. Woodhouse OD Bufo woodhousii* Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86* Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 Southwestern Woodhouse's Toad L. australis southern — ref. southern Arizona distribution OD Bufo woodhousii australis* Shannon and Lowe, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 185* Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 East Texas Toad L. velum a veil and L. -atus provided with — OD Bufo woodhousii velatus* Bragg and Sanders, 1951 - Wasmann Journ. Biol. Vol. 9, p. 366, figs. 1-4* Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 TROPICAL FROGS Gr. eleutheros, free, unbound Gr. dactylos finger, toe — ref. no toe webbing OD Eleutherodactylus* Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 620* Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) Barking Frog NL honors Auguste H.A. Dumeril OD Eleutherodactylus augusti* (Duges, 1879) - in Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 21* Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, 1939 Western Barking Frog Gr. kaktos prickly plant and L. -orum of the — ref. type specimen collected in a cactus patch OD Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum* Taylor, "1938" 1939 - Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., Vol. 25, No. 17, p. 391* Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) Eastern Barking Frog L. latrans barking — ref. call of breeding males OD Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans* (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 25* Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) Rio Grande Chirping Frog Gr. kystis pouch, bladder and Gr. gnathos jaw L. -oides having a likeness to — poss. ref. to vocal sac of breeding males OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides* (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 89* Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi (Stejneger, 1915) Rio Grande Chirping Frog NL honors Robert Denham Camp OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi* Stejneger, 1915 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28, p. 131* Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) Spotted Chirping Frog L. gutta spotted and L. latus flank or side — OD Eleutherodactylus guttilatus* (Cope, 1879) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 18, p. 264* Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 Cliff Chirping Frog NL honors Gabriel Wilson Marnoch OD Eleutherodactylus marnockii* Cope, 1878 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 12, p. 253* Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 NARROWMOUTH TOADS Gr. gastros belly and Gr. phryne toad — pres. ref. to pot belly OD Gastrophryne* Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 33* Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) Eastern Narrowmouth Toad NL belonging to the state of South Carolina — ref. Charleston, SC OD Gastrophryne carolinensis* (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 83, pl. 11* Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1857) Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad L. olivacea being olive green in color — ref. characteristic olivaceous dorsum OD Gastrophryne olivacea* (Hallowell, "1856" 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 252* Hyla Laurenti, 1768 TREEFROGS Gr. honors Hylas companion of Hercules — ref. incessant cry OD Hyla* Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 32* Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 Pine Barrens Treefrog NL of Anderson, SC — misnomer, presumed found in SC, l854 OD Hyla andersonii* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60* Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 Canyon Treefrog L. arena sand, sandy area and L. color color or tone — ref. dorsal coloration OD Hyla arenicolor* Cope, 1886 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 84* Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 Bird-voiced Treefrog L. avis bird and L. voca call, cry — ref. call of male frog OD Hyla avivoca* Viosca, 1928 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 41, p. 89* Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 California Treefrog L. cadaver a corpse and L. -ina having the appearance of — ref. pale corpse-like appearance in life OD Hyla cadaverina* Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 84* Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 Cope's Gray Treefrog Gr. chrysos gold and Gr. kelis spot or stain — ref. coloration inside of hind legs OD Hyla chrysoscelis* Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 29* Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1792) Green Treefrog L. cinerea ash-colored — ref. color in preservative OD Hyla cinerea* (Schneider, 1799) - Hist. Amph., Vol. 1, p. 174* Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 Mountain Treefrog L. eximia uncommon, distinguished — ref. striking appearance OD Hyla eximia* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61* Hyla femoralis Bosc, in Daudin, 1800 Pine Woods Treefrog L. femuralis pertaining to the hindleg — poss. ref. leg markings OD Hyla femoralis* Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 10* Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 Barking Treefrog L. gratiosa favored or beloved — OD Hyla gratiosa* Le Conte, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 146, pl. 4* Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 Squirrel Treefrog Eng. squirrel and L. -ella diminutive "little" — poss. allusion to the chattering call OD Hyla squirella* Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 9* Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1823 Gray Treefrog L. versi changing, variable and L. color color — ref. ability to change color OD Hyla versicolor* Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 281* Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 SHEEP FROGS Gr. hypo under, beneath or lesser Gr. pachos thickness — OD Hypopachus* Keferstein, 1867 - Nachr. Ges. Wiss Gottingen, Vol. 18, p. 351* Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) Sheep Frog NL variola full of small spots, like small pox — ref. pattern OD Hypopachus variolosus* (Cope, 1866) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 131* Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 TROPICAL FROGS Gr. leptos fine, slender, thin and Gr. daktylos fingers, digits — OD Leptodactylus* Fitzinger, 1826 - Neue Classif. der Rept., p. 38* Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877)[:x] L. fragilis fragile or brittle — OD Leptodactylus fragilis* (Brocchi, 1877) - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 1, p. 182* Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) White-lipped Frog L. labialis pertaining to the lips — OD Leptodactylus labialis* (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 90* Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 [:x] Gr. limne marsh and Gr. aoidos singer — ref. marshy habitat and chorusing ability OD Limnaoedus* Mittleman and List, 1953 - Copeia, Vol. 2, p. 83* Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 WEST INDIAN TREEFROGS Gr. osteon bone Gr. pileos cap — ref. co-ossified skin on top of head OD Osteopilus* Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept. p. 30* Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Cuban Treefrog L. septentrionalis northern — the describers thought preserved specimen came from Norway! OD Osteopilus septentrionalis* Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 538* Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 CHORUS FROGS Gr. pseudes false, deceptive and Gr. akris locust — means "false Acris" with ref. to genus Acris OD Pseudacris* Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 31* Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) Mountain Chorus Frog Gr. brachys short and Gr. phone sound or voice — ref. short trill OD Pseudacris brachyphona* (Cope, 1889) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 341* Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 Brimley's Chorus Frog NL honors Clement Samuel Brimley OD Pseudacris brimleyi* Brandt and Walker, 1933 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 272, p. 2* Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) Spotted Chorus Frog NL honors John Henry Clark OD Pseudacris clarkii* (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60* Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Spring Peeper L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings OD Pseudacris crucifer* (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275* Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) Southern Spring Peeper NL honors William Bartram OD Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana* (Harper, 1939) - Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 27, p. 1* Pseudacris crucifer crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Northern Spring Peeper L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings OD Pseudacris crucifer* (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275* Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) Upland Chorus Frog L. feriarum holidays, leisure — OD Pseudacris feriarum* (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60* Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 Illinois Chorus Frog NL belonging to the state of IL — type specimen collected in 1950 by a U of IL herpetology class OD Pseudacris illinoensis* Smith, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 191* Pseudacris kalmi Harper, 1955 New Jersey Chorus Frog NL honors Pehr Kalm OD Pseudacris feriarum kalmi* Harper, 1955 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sciences], No. 150, p. 1* Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) Boreal Chorus Frog L. maculata spotted — OD Pseudacris maculata* (Agassiz, 1850) - Lake Superior, p. 378, pl. 6, figs. 1-3* Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts" OD Pseudacris nigrita* (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282* Pseudacris nigrita nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts" OD Pseudacris nigrita* (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282* Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) Florida Chorus Frog L. verrucosa full of warts — ref. skin texture OD Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa* (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 87* Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) Little Grass Frog L. ocularis of the eye — ref. ocular stripe OD Pseudacris ocularis* (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 187* Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) Ornate Chorus Frog L. ornata decorated or ornate — ref. ornate dorsal markings OD Pseudacris ornata* (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 97, pl. 16* Pseudacris regilla Baird and Girard, 1852 Pacific Treefrog L. regilla regal, splendid — prob. ref. markings — formerly Hyla regilla OD Hyla or Pseudacris regilla* (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 Strecker's Chorus Frog NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr. OD Pseudacris streckeri* Wright and Wright, 1933 - Handbook of Frogs and Toads, p. 26, pl. 35* Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) Western Chorus Frog L. tri three and L. seriata lines or serrations — ref. dark lines on dorsum OD Pseudacris triseriata* (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, p. 249* Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 BURROWING TREEFROGS Gr. pterna heel and Gr. hyla genus Hyla — ref. spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles OD Pternohyla* Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326* Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 Lowland Burrowing Treefrog L. fodiens digging — describer presumed spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles were adapted for digging OD Pternohyla fodiens* Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326* Rana Linnaeus, 1758 TRUE FROGS L. rana frog — "Rana" probably mimics how the Romans heard their call. OD Rana* Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 210* Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Crawfish Frog L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color OD Rana areolata* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173* Rana areolata areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Southern Crawfish Frog L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color OD Rana areolata* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173* Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davies, 1878 Northern Crawfish Frog L. circuli circles, rings and L. -osa full of — ref. light margined spots OD Rana areolata circulosa* Rice and Davis, 1878 - in Jordan, Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northeastern U.S., Ed. 2, p. 355* Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-legged Frog L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs OD Rana aurora* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Rana aurora aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Red-legged Frog L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs OD Rana aurora* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 California Red-legged Frog NL honors Joseph Drayton OD Rana aurora draytonii* Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174* Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 Rio Grande Leopard Frog NL honors Jean Louis Berlandier OD Rana berlandieri* Baird, 1859 - Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, Rept., p. 27, pl. 36, figs. 7-10* Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 Plains Leopard Frog NL honors W. Frank Blair OD Rana blairi* Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 - Occ. Pap. Texas Tech. Univ., Vol. 18, p. 3* Rana boylii Baird, 1854 Foothill Yellow-legged Frog NL honors C.C. Boyle OD Rana boylii* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62* Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 Gopher Frog (nominate subspecies "Carolina Gopher Frog") L. capito one that has a large head — ref. large head OD Rana capito* Le Conte, 1855 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 425, pl. 5* Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 Florida Gopher Frog L. aesopus dwarf — poss. ref. hump back OD Rana capito aesopus* Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517* Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 Dusky Gopher Frog L. sevosa full of tallow or grease — ref. slimy or tallowy appearance OD Rana capito sevosa* Goin and Netting, 1940 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 28, p. 137, pl. 12, figs. 1 and 2* Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 Cascades Frog NL of the Cascade Mountains, WA — "named from the region in which it was first found" OD Rana cascadae* Slater, 1939 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 145* Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 Bullfrog NL honors Mark Catesby OD Rana catesbeiana* Shaw, 1802 - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 33* Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 Chiricahua Leopard Frog NL belongs to the Chiricahua Mountains, AZ — ref. type locality, 1971 OD Rana chiricahuensis* Platz and Mecham, 1979 - Copeia, p. 383* Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 Green Frog L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog OD Rana clamitans* Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157* Rana clamitans clamitans Latreille, 1801 Bronze Frog L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog OD Rana clamitans* Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157* Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) Green Frog Gr. melaina black and Gr. nota mark — ref. dark spots OD Rana clamitans melanota* (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., p. 5* Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 Pig Frog Gr. grylos pig — "their voice...resembling the grunt of a herd of pigs..." OD Rana grylio* Stejneger, 1901 - Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 24, p. 212* Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 River Frog NL honors August Heckscher OD Rana heckscheri* Wright, 1924 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 37, p. 143, pl. 11 and 12, fig. 2* Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 Columbia Spotted Frog L. luteus golden-yellow and L. ventris of the belly — prob. ref. yellow tummy OD Rana luteiventris* Thompson, 1913 - Proc. Biol. So. Wash., Vol. 26, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 2-3 [tc]* Rana maslini Porter, 1969 Maslin's Wood Frog NL honors T. Paul Maslin OD Rana maslini* Porter, 1969 - Herpetologica, Vol. 25, p. 213* Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 Mountain Yellow-legged Frog L. muscosa mossy, full of moss — ref. dorsal lichen-like dark dorsal patches OD Rana muscosa* Camp, 1917 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 9, p. 118* Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 Florida Bog Frog NL.. of Okaloosa, Florida — prob. ref. type locality OD Rana okaloosae* Moler, 1985 - Copeia, p. 379* Rana onca Cope, 1875 Relict Leopard Frog NL onca spotted cat — ref. to leopard spots as in Panthera onca OD Rana onca* Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 528* Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 Pickerel Frog L. palustris of the marsh — "...or marsh frog" OD Rana palustris* Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282* Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 Northern Leopard Frog L. pipiens peeping — collector heard Spring Peepers, collected this species thinking that the loud whistle came from the larger frog. OD Rana pipiens* Schreber, 1782 - Naturforscher, Vol. 18, p. 185, pl. 4* Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 Oregon Spotted Frog L. pretiosa to be prized or worth the effort — may refer to vivid adult coloration OD Rana pretiosa* Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 378* Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 Mink Frog L. septentrionalis northern — ref. Canadian and northern U.S. distribution OD Rana septentrionalis* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61* Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 Florida Leopard Frog Gr. sphenos wedge and Gr. kephalos headed — OD Rana sphenocephala* Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517* Rana sphenocephala utricularia Harlan 1825 Southern Leopard Frog L. utricularius bearing a little bag — ref. throat pouches in the male OD Rana spenocephala utricularius* Harlan, 1825 - Amer. Journal Sci. Arts, Vol. 10, p. 60* Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 Ramsey Canyon Leopard Frog L. sub- below and L. aqua water and L. vocalis calling from — ref. habit of males to call from underwater OD Rana subaquavocalis* Platz, 1993 [nc][tc]* Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 Wood Frog L. sylvatica amidst the trees — "...or wood frog" OD Rana sylvatica* Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282* Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 Tarahumara Frog NL of the Sierra Tarahumare — type locality, Mexico, 1917 OD Rana tarahumarae* Boulenger, 1917 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 20, p. 416* Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 Carpenter Frog L. virgatus striped L. pes foot — ref. to striped markings on rear feet OD Rana virgatipes* Cope, 1891 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 25, p. 1017* Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 Lowland Leopard Frog NL.. belonging to the Yavapai Native American group — prob. ref. type locality OD Rana yavapaiensis* Platz and Frost, 1984 - Copeia, 940-948* Rhinophrynus Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1841 BURROWING TOAD Gr. rhinos nose and Gr. phrynos toad — poss. ref. appearance OD Rhinophrynus* Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 757* Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Mexican Burrowing Toad L. dorsalis of the back — poss. ref. appearance OD Rhinophrynus dorsalis* Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 758* Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 SOUTHERN SPADEFOOTS Gr. skaphis shovel or spade and Gr. pous foot — ref. shape and adaptation of hind foot for digging OD Scaphiopus* Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 85* Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 Couch's Spadefoot NL honors Darius N. Couch OD Scaphiopus couchii* Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62* Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) Eastern Spadefoot NL honors John E. Holbrook OD Scaphiopus holbrookii* (Harlan, 1835) - Medical and Physical Researches, p. 105* Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 Hurter's Spadefoot NL honors Julius Hurter, Sr. OD Scaphiopus hurterii* Strecker, 1910 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 23, p. 116* Smilisca Cope, 1865 MEXICAN TREEFROGS Gr. smiliskos little knife — ref. sharp pointed frontoparietal processes OD Smilisca* Cope, 1865 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 194* Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) Mexican Treefrog NL honors Nicholas Baudin OD Smilisca baudinii* (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 564* Spea Cope, 1866 WESTERN SPADEFOOTS Gr. speos cave, cavern — OD Spea* Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 2nd Series, p. 81* Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) Plains Spadefoot Gr. bombos buzzing and L. frons leaf or frond — OD Spea bombifrons* (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 53* Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) Western Spadefoot NL honors John F. Hammond OD Spea hammondii* (Baird, 1859) - Rep. Pacif. R.R. Survey, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 2 ["1857" 1859]* Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) Great Basin Spadefoot L. inter between and L. montis mountain and L. -anus belonging to — ref. to Great Basin locality OD Spea intermontana* (Cope, 1883) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 15* Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) New Mexico Spadefoot L. multi many and L. plicatus folded, braided OD Spea multiplicata* (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 52* Turtles Apalone Rafinesque, 1832 SOFTSHELLS Gr. apalos soft, tender — ref. soft shell OD Apalone* Rafinesque, 1832 - Atlantic J. Friend Knowledge Philadelphia, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 64* Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) Florida Softshell L. ferox wild, savage — ref. to ferocious disposition attributed to the species OD Apalone ferox* (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 330* Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Smooth Softshell L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace OD Apalone mutica* (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7* Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell L. calvatus made bare or bald — ref. smooth front edge of upper shell OD Apalone mutica calvata* (Webb, 1959) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, No. 9, p. 519* Apalone mutica mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Midland Smooth Softshell L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace OD Apalone mutica* (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7* Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Spiny Softshell L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell OD Apalone spinifera* (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6* Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell L. asper rough, harsh — ref. occasional rounded prominences on upper shell of large females OD Apalone spinifera aspera* (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 405* Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) Texas Spiny Softshell NL honors William H. Emory OD Apalone spinifera emoryi* (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 407; Vol. 2, pl. 6, figs. 4 and 5* Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) Guadalupe Spiny Softshell NL belonging to the Guadalupe River, TX — type locality, McMullen County, TX, 1962 OD Apalone spinifera guadalupensis* (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 517* Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1941) Western Spiny Softshell NL honors Norman E. Hartweg OD Apalone spinifera hartwegi* (Conant and Goin, 1948) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 510, p. 1, map 1, pl. 1 and 2* Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) Pallid Spiny Softshell L. pallidus pale — ref. to juvenile pattern OD Apalone spinifera pallida* (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 522* Apalone spinifera spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Eastern Spiny Softshell L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell OD Apalone spinifera* (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6* Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 LOGGERHEADS Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles OD Caretta* Rafinesque, 1814 - Rafinesque, Specchio Sci., Palermo, Vol. 2, No. 9, Sept. 1, p. 66* Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Loggerhead Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles OD Caretta caretta* (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197* Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 GREEN TURTLES Gr. chelone tortoise — OD Chelonia* Brongniart, 1800 - Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 2, p. 89* Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) Green Turtle Gr. mydos wetness, dampness — ref. aquatic habitat OD Chelonia mydas* (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197* Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 [:x] NL honors Jean Louis R. Agassiz OD Chelonia mydas agassizii* Bocourt, 1868 - Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Zool., Vol. 10, Pts. 1-3, p. 122* Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 SNAPPING TURTLES Gr. chelys turtle and Gr. hydros water serpent — ref. aquatic nature of genus OD Chelydra* Schweigger, 1812 - Konigsberg. Arch. Natur. Math., Vol. 1, Pt. 3, p. 292* Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck OD Chelydra serpentina* (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199* Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 Florida Snapping Turtle NL Osceola, FL — honors "Seminole Osceola" OD Chelydra serpentina osceola* Stejneger, 1918 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 31, p. 89* Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck OD Chelydra serpentina* (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199* Chrysemys Gray, 1844 PAINTED TURTLES Gr. khrysos golden, yellow or lt. green and Gr. emys turtle — prob. ref. yellow stripes on head of all members of this genus OD Chrysemys* Gray, 1844 - Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 27* Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) Painted Turtle L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern OD Chrysemys picta* (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348* Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) Western Painted Turtle NL honors Thomas Bell. OD Chrysemys picta bellii* (Gray, 1831) - Syn. Rept., p. 31* Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 Southern Painted Turtle L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. dorsal stripe OD Chrysemys picta dorsalis* Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 440* Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 Midland Painted Turtle L. marginata bordered — -ref. marginal scute markings OD Chrysemys picta marginata* Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 439; Vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 5, figs. 1-4* Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider, 1783) Eastern Painted Turtle L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern OD Chrysemys picta* (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348* Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 POND TURTLES Gr. klemmys turtle or tortoise — OD Clemmys* Ritgen, 1828 - Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., Vol. 14, Pt. 1, p. 272* Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) Spotted Turtle L. guttata spotted, speckled — ref. random yellow spots on carapace OD Clemmys guttata* (Schneider, 1792) - Schr. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, p. 264* Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) Wood Turtle L. insculpta carved, engraved — ref. sculpturing of carapacial scutes OD Clemmys insculpta* (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 112* Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Pond Turtle L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapacial pattern OD Clemmys marmorata* (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177* Clemmys marmorata marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Northwestern Pond Turtle L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapace pattern OD Clemmys marmorata* (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177* Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 Southwestern Pond Turtle L. pallida pale — ref. light background color of sides and ventral surface of neck OD Clemmys marmorata pallida* Seeliger, 1945 - Copeia, p. 158, figs. 4 and 5* Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepff, 1801) Bog Turtle NL honors Gotthilf H. Muhlenberg OD Clemmys muhlenbergii* (Schoepf, 1801) - Hist. Testud., Pt. 6, p. 132, pl. 31* Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 CHICKEN TURTLES Gr. deire neck and Gr. chelys tortoise — poss. allusion to extra long neck OD Deirochelys* Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 441* Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) Chicken Turtle L. reticulum a net and L. -aria like, or connected with — ref. to carapace pattern OD Deirochelys reticularia* (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 124* Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 Florida Chicken Turtle Gr. chrysea golden — ref. plastron color OD Deirochelys reticularia chrysea* Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 476* Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 Western Chicken Turtle Gr. miaria defiled, stained — -ref. to plastral pattern OD Deirochelys reticularia miaria* Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 486 <*

My new book!

Scientific and Common Names
of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained

Translations, Common Names, Original Descriptions,
Biographies and Mythological References of those honored in the nomenclature of the
Salamanders ^. Frogs and Toads ^. Turtles ^. Alligators and Crocodiles ^. Lizards ^. Snakes
of America North of Mexico.

Translations and Original Descriptions

Salamanders

Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838 MOLE SALAMANDERS
NL anabystoma to cram into the mouth — unknown reference
Agassiz proposed in 1844 that Ambystoma might be a "lapsus calami" for Amblystoma (Gr. amblys blunt/ stoma mouth). The word part "amblys" was also used very early for marine iguanas and cited by Darwin.
OD Ambystoma Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92

Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) Ringed Salamander
L. annulatum furnished w/rings — ref. ringed pattern on dorsum
OD Ambystoma annulatum (Cope, 1886) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 525

Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 Streamside Salamander
NL honors Thomas Barbour
OD Ambystoma barbouri Kraus and Petranka, 1989 - Copeia, p. 95

Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) California Tiger Salamander
NL belonging to the state of California — ref. state of occurrence
OD Ambystoma californiense (Gray, 1853) - Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 21, p. 11, pl. 7

Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, 1868) Flatwoods Salamander
L. cingulatum belted, girdled — ref. reticulated dorsal pattern
OD Ambystoma cingulatum (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 205

Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) Northwestern Salamander
L. gracile slender, delicate — ref. form
OD Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859) - Pacific R. R. Report, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 13, pl. 44, fig. 2

Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 [:x] *TRANS*
OD Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 522

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) Jefferson Salamander
NL honors Jefferson College, PA
OD Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1

Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 Blue-spotted Salamander
L. laterale pertaining to the side — ref. blue spots on side
OD Ambystoma laterale Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 6

Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 Mabee's Salamander
NL honors William Bruce Mabee
OD Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 43, No. 3-4, p. 157

Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Long-toed Salamander
Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292

Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 Eastern Long-toed Salamander
NL belonging to the Columbia River — ref. found in Columbia River drainage, OR, 1956
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, p. 313

Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander
L. croceum saffron colored (adj.) — ref. dull orange dorsal stripe
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Russell and Anderson, 1956 - Herpetologica, Vol. 12, p. 137

Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) Northern Long-toed Salamander
NL honors Karl C.F. Krause
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei (Peters, 1882) - Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, 1882, p. 145

Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Baird, 1849 Western Long-toed Salamander
Gr. makros long and Gr. daktylos toe — ref. relatively long toes
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 292

Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 Southern Long-toed Salamander
L. sigillatum adorned with images or figures — ref. color pattern
OD Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 65, 1961, p. 316

Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) Spotted Salamander
L. maculatum spotted — ref. dorsal spotting
OD Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802) - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 304

Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander
L. mavortium war-like — ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods!
OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292

Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Dunn, 1940 Gray Tiger Salamander
L. diaboli of a devil — ref. Devil's Lake, ND
OD Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli Dunn, 1940 - Copeia, p. 160

Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Baird, 1850 Barred Tiger Salamander
L. mavortium war-like —ref. Mars, Roman god of war; possibly named from a large neotenic adult individual or a cannibalistic morph with an extra row of teeth - either would be enough to provoke a reference to ancient war gods!
OD Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 284 and p. 292

Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum (Baird, 1860) Blotched Tiger Salamander
Gr. melano black and Gr. stiktos spotted — ref. light spotting of dark dorsum
OD Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum (Baird, 1860) - in Cooper, Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, p. 306

Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 Arizona Tiger Salamander
L. nebulosum cloudy — ref. overall color and pattern on dorsum
OD Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 209

Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 Sonoran Tiger Salamander
NL honors Robert Cyril Stebbins
OD Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 67, p. 243

Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) Marbled Salamander
L. opacum shaded, dark, obscure — ref. color pattern
OD Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) - Gravenhorst, Vergl. Uebersicht Zool. Syst., p. 431

Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) Mole Salamander
L. talpa mole and L. -oides similarity to a L. -eum having the quality of — ref. burrowing habits
OD Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 117, pl. 29

Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) Smallmouth Salamander
NL belonging to the state of TX — type locality, Cummings Creek, Fayette County, TX, 1855
OD Ambystoma texanum (Matthes, 1855) - Allg. Deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, N.S., Vol. 1, p. 266

Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) Tiger Salamander
L. tigrinum tiger — ref. coloration in some individuals
OD Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 116, pl. 25, fig. 7

Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 [:x]
NL honors Jean-Louis Tremblay
OD Ambystoma tremblayi Comeau, 1943 - Ann. Assoc. Canadienne-Francaise Avance. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 124

Amphiuma Garden, 1821 AMPHIUMAS
Gr. amphi on both sides and Gr. pneuma breathe — poss. misassumption that it breathed both air and water
OD Amphiuma Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333)

Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 Two-toed Amphiuma
The describer gives no specific reason for "means": 1.) Gr. menos fierceness 2.) Gr. mania frenzy — may ref. its ability to bite or 3.) NL honoring an unspecified person named Means.
OD Amphiuma means Garden, 1821 - in Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, Vol. 1, p. 599 (descr. p. 333)

Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 One-toed Amphiuma
Gr. pholeter one who hides in a hole — ref. habitat
OD Amphiuma pholeter Neill, 1964 - Herpetologica, Vol. 20, p. 62

Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 Three-toed Amphiuma
Gr. tri three and Gr. daktylos finger or digit — ref. to the # of digits on both sets of limbs
OD Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 14, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 4-6, pl. 2, figs. 9-18

Aneides Baird, 1849 CLIMBING SALAMANDERS
Gr. an- lacking and Gr. eidos form or shape — Jaeger - Gr. aneidos, "shapeless" Baird spelled it "Anaides."
OD Aneides Baird, 1849 - in Heck, Iconographic Encycl. Zool., Vol. 2, p. 257

Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) Green Salamander
L. aeneus bronze or copper — ref. lichen-like patches of dorsal color
OD - Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard, 1881) - Amer. Nat., Vol. 15, No. 11, p. 878

Aneides ferreus (Cope, 1869) Clouded Salamander
L. ferreus iron colored — ref. dorsal mottling, clouded color phase
OD Aneides ferreus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 109

Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Black Salamander
L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background
OD Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71

Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) Speckled Black Salamander
L. flavi yellow and L. punctatus spotted — ref. conspicuous white or yellow iridophores on dark background
OD Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 71

Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 Santa Cruz Black Salamander
L. niger black — ref. adult color "shiny black without...spots"
OD Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 61, p. 132

Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) Sacramento Mountain Salamander
NL honors D. Elmo Hardy
OD Aneides hardii (Taylor, 1941) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 54, p. 77

Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) Arboreal Salamander
L. lugubris gloomy, dark — poss. ref. dull coloration or ironic ref.
OD Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 126

Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) Wandering Salamander
L. vagrans wandering —
OD Aneides vagrans (Wake and Jackman, 1999) [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 SLENDER SALAMANDERS
Gr. batrachos amphibian, frog and Gr. seps lizard — describes lizard-like appearance
OD Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1841 - Iconogr. Fauna Italica, Vol. 2, Fasc. 26, fol. 131, not paged

Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 Desert Slender Salamander
L. aridus dry — ref. habitat, Coachella Valley, CA.
OD Batrachoseps aridus Brame, 1970 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 200, p. 2

Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Slender Salamander
L. attenuatus slender, narrow — ref. elongate, slender body form
OD Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 1, pl. 21, figs. 1-14

Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 Inyo Mountains Salamander
NL honors Charles L. Camp
OD Batrachoseps campi Marlow, Brode and Wake, 1979 - Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 308, p. 3

Batrachoseps diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Hell Hollow Slender Salamander
Gr. diabolikos devilish — poss. ref. type locality
OD Batrachoseps, diabolicus Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998

Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 San Gabriel Slender Salamander
NL of the San Gabriel Mountains — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Batrachoseps gabrieli Wake, 1996 [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Gabilan Mountains Slender Salamander NL of the Gabilan Mountains — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Batrachoseps gavilanensis Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998
*TRANS
OD Batrachoseps gregarius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998. Contribs. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist.[nc][tc]

Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 San Simeon Slender Salamander
*TRANS*
OD Batrachoseps incognitus Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Herp. Monogr. 15. [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Sequoia Slender Salamander
NL kawia — prob. ref. to the Kawia Indian Tribe of southern CA
OD Batrachoseps kawia Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps luciae Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Santa Lucia Slender Salamander
NL Luciae — ref. Santa Lucia Mts., CA habitat
OD Batrachoseps luciae Jokusch et al. 2001, Herp. Monogr. 15: 1-53 [tc]

Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 Garden Slender Salamander
L. major larger or greater — largest Batrachoseps
OD Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 327

Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 Lesser Slender Salamander
L. minor smaller, less — prob. ref. small body size
OD Batrachoseps minor Jockusch, Yanev and Wake, 2001 - Herp. Monogr. 15., p. ___ [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 Blackbelly Slender Salamander
L. niger black and L. ventris of the belly — ref. dark venter
OD Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 98

Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) Channel Islands Slender Salamander
NL of the Pacific Ocean — found on Northern Channel Islands, off CA coast
OD Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1865) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 195

Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Kings River Slender Salamander
L. regius of the king — ref. King's River, California locality
OD Batrachoseps regius Jockusch, Wake and Yanev, 1998 Contribs. Los Angeles County Museum [nc][tc]

Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 Relictual Slender Salamander
L. relictus to leave behind — ref. relict distribution
OD Batrachoseps relictus Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 5

Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Kern Plateau Salamander
L. robust large bodied — poss. ref. body style
OD Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev, and Hansen, 2002 Copeia 4:1016-1028. [tc]

Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 Kern Canyon Slender Salamander
L. simus pug-nose and L. -atus having the nature of — ref. appearance of face
OD Batrachoseps simatus Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 15

Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 Tehachapi Slender Salamander
NL honors Robert C. Stebbins
OD Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame and Murray, 1968 - Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., No. 4, p. 18

Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) Oregon Slender Salamander
NL honors Albert H. Wright and Margaret R. Wright
OD Batrachoseps wrightorum (Bishop, 1937) - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 93, pl. 9

Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 HELLBENDERS
Gr. kryptos hidden and Gr. branchion gill — ref. lack of large external gills
OD Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 - Encyklopadische Zeitung von Oken, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 260, also an abstract in Isis, 1821, Lit. Anz., p. 259

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Hellbender
NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803
OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) Eastern Hellbender
NL belonging to the Allegheny Mountains — ref. type locality, VA, 1803
OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) - Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., Vol. 8, p. 231

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 Ozark Hellbender
NL honors Sherman C. Bishop
OD Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 470, p. 6

Desmognathus Baird, 1850 DUSKY SALAMANDERS
Gr. desmos ligament and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. bundle of ligaments holding jaw
OD Desmognathus Baird, 1850 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 282 and p. 285

Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 Cumberland Dusky Salamander
*TRANS*--- common name refers to its restriction to the Cumberland Plateau
OD Desmognathus abditus Anderson and Tilley, 2003 - Systematics of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Herpetological Monographs 17: 75-110. [tc]

Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 Seepage Salamander
L. aeneus copper or bronze — ref. dorsal body color
OD Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947 - Copeia, p. 163

Desmognathus apalachicolae Bruce and Karlin, 1989 Apalachicola Dusky Salamander
NL of the Apalachicola National Forest
OD Desmognathus apalachicolae Means and Karlin, 1989 - Herpetologica, Vol. 45, p. 38

Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) Southern Dusky Salamander
L. auriculatus having an external ear — ref. oblong brownish spot on the side of its head
OD Desmognathus auriculatus (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 3, p. 115, pl. 28

Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1894c Ouachita Dusky Salamander
NL honors C.S. and H.H. Brimley
OD Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1895 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 17, p. 597

Desmognathus carolinensis Dunn, 1916 Carolina Dusky Salamander
NL belonging to Carolina — poss ref. type loc. Mt. Mitchell, NC
OD Desmognathus carolinensis (Dunn, 1916) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29:74 [tc]

Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 Spotted Dusky Salamander
NL honors Roger Conant
OD Desmognathus conanti Rossman, 1958 - Herpetologica, Vol. 14, p. 158

Desmognathus folkertsi Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002 Dwarf Blackbelly Salamander
NL honors _______ Folkerts *BIO*
OD - Camp, Carlos D., Stephen G. Tilley, Richard M. Austin, Jr., and Jeremy L. Marshall. 2002. A New Species of Black-bellied Salamander (Genus Desmognathus) from the Appalachian Mountains of Northern Georgia. Herpetologica 58(4): 471-484. [tc]

Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) Northern Dusky Salamander
L. fuscus dark, swarthy — "dusky"
OD Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1., p. 357

Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 Imitator Salamander
L. imitator one who mimics — alludes to the resemblance between red cheeked specimens and similarly patterned, sympatric Plethodon jordani
OD Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927 - Copeia, p. 84

Desmognathus marmoratus Moore, 1899
L. marmoratus marbled — ref. marbled dorsal pattern
OD Desmognathus marmoratus (Moore, 1899) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316, pl. 14, figs. 1-10

Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 Seal Salamander
L. monticola mountaineer, highlander — ref. habitat of species
OD Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 29, p. 73

Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 [:x]
NL honors Thomas Jefferson
OD Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 66, p. 250, pl. 17, fig. 2, map 1

Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 Mountain Dusky Salamander
Gr. ochros yellow, pale and Gr. phaeos light — ref. bright coloration of some individuals
OD Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 11, p. 124

Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 Ocoee Salamander
NL Ocoee Gorge — ref. type loc. in Polk Cty., TN
OD Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 - Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci 24:127 [tc]

Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 Blue Ridge Dusky Salamander
NL honors Orestes - in mythology, a son of Agamemnon and a mountaineer — poss. ref. habitat
OD Desmognathus orestes Tilley and Mahoney, 1996 [nc][tc]

Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) Blackbelly Salamander
L. quadrus four-fold and L. maculatus spotted — ref. 4 rows of small light spots
OD Desmognathus quadramaculatus (Holbrook, 1840) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, pl. 26 misprinted 27, p. 121

Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 Santeetlah Dusky Salamander
NL belonging to Santeetlah Creek, NC — prominant geographic name in region of type locality
OD Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 695, p. 3

Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 Black Mountain Salamander
NL honors Wilfred August Welter
OD Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950 - Copeia, p. 277

Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 Pigmy Salamander
NL honors George M. Wright
OD Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 57, pl. 5

Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 GIANT SALAMANDERS
Gr. di two and Gr. kamptos curved, bent and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to doubly curved teeth
OD Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870 - Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 68

Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1867) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, 2nd Series, p. 201

Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 Cope's Giant Salamander
NL honors Edward Drinker Cope
OD Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970 - Copeia, p. 506

Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) California Giant Salamander
L. ensatus sword-shaped — poss. ref. to the pointed teeth
OD Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz, 1833) - Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 6, pl. 22

Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) Pacific Giant Salamander
L. tenebrosus dark, gloomy — poss. ref. color or habitat
OD Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Ensatina Gray, 1850 ENSATINAS
L. ensatus sword shaped and L. -ina similar to — poss. ref. to the teeth
OD Ensatina Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48

Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray, 1850 Monterey Ensatina
NL honors Johann F. Eschscholtz
OD Ensatina eschscholtzi Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., p. 48

Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, 1869) Yellow-blotched Ensatina
L. croceus saffron colored and L. -ater black — ref. color pattern
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, "1867" 1868) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 19, p. 210

Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 Large-blotched Ensatina
NL honors Laurence M. Klauber
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 74, Art. 25, p. 2

Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) Oregon Ensatina
NL belonging to the state of Oregon — ref. distribution
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 141

Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 Painted Ensatina
L. picta painted or embroidered — ref. bright dorsal coloration
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii picta Wood, 1940 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 425

Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Espada, 1875) Sierra Nevada Ensatina
NL belonging to the Rio La Plata, Uruguay — Espada named this salamander Urotropis platensis because he thought it came from Montevideo, Uruguay
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Jimenez de la Espada, 1875) - An. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 4, p. 71, pl. 1

Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 Yellow-eyed Ensatina
Gr. xanthos yellow and Gr. ops eye and Gr. -ika belonging to — ref. eye color
OD Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 48, No. 6, p. 407, pl. 11, figs. 2 and 12

Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 BROOK SALAMANDERS
NL.. probably honors Eurydice — although Rafinesque only wrote "Mythological"
OD Eurycea Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N. S., Vol. 1, No. 9, Feb. 28, p. 3, column 6

Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) Northern Two-lined Salamander
L. bis twice and L. lineata lined, streaked — ref. to two dorsal stripes
OD Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 352

Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003 Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander
NL honors _____ Chamberlain *BIO*
OD Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003. A New Species of Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from North and South Carolina. Southeastern Naturalist 2(2): 159-178. [tc]

Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Chisholm Trail Salamander
NL belonging to the Chisholm Trail — ref. locality
OD Eurycea chisholmensis Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc]

Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) Southern Two-lined Salamander
L. cirrus lock, curl of hair and L. gera bearing — alludes to pendant nasolabial process in sexually active males.
OD Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1830) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 253

Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 Junaluska Salamander
NL honors Junaluska, whose statue inspired the honorific.
OD Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee and Sullivan, 1976 - Herpetologica, Vol. 32, p. 26

Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 Cascade Cavern Salamander
L. latito, to hide, conceal — prob. ref. to reclusive nature and habitat
OD Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946 - Herpetologica, Vol. 3, p. 106

Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander
L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length
OD Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351

Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) Three-lined Salamander
L. gutta spot, drop and L. lineata lined — ref. conspicuous 3 lines formed by its spots
OD Eurycea longicauda guttolineata (Holbrook, 1838) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 2, p. 61, pl. 12

Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green, 1818) Longtail Salamander
L. longus long and L. cauda tail — tail length usually greater than snout vent length
OD Eurycea longicauda (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 351

Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) Dark-sided Salamander
Gr. melaina black and Gr. pleura side of body — type specimens were juveniles and did not show adult pattern
OD Eurycea longicauda melanopleura (Cope, 1893) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 45, p. 383

Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 Cave Salamander
L. lucis light and L. fuga flee — "relates to its habit of avoiding light"
OD Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822 - Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N.S., Vol. 1, No. 9, p. 3.

Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander
L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds
OD Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106

Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 Graybelly Salamander
L. griseus greyish and Gr. gaster belly — ref. greyish colored venter
OD Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941 - Copeia, p. 139

Eurycea multiplicata multiplicata (Cope, 1869) Many-ribbed Salamander
L. multus many and L. plicata folded — ref. numerous costal folds
OD Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 106

Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 San Marcos Salamander
1.) Gr. nanos dwarf or 2.) L. nanus dwarf — ref. small size
OD Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 1

Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 San Gabriel Springs Salamander
L. naufragium remnants, remains — refers to human fragmentation of its spring habitats
OD Eurycea naufragia Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 [nc][tc]

Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 Texas Salamander
Gr. neotes youth and Gr. -enos pertaining to — ref. sexual maturity while in larval stage
OD Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 50, p. 142

Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter, 1950 Fern Bank Salamander
Gr. ptero fern and Gr. philos lover of — ref. habitat
OD Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith and Potter 1950. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63:51

Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) Dwarf Salamander
L. quadra four and L. digita fingers or digits and L. -ata having — ref. to number of toes on feet
OD Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook, 1842) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 2, Vol. 5, p. 65, pl. 21

Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price and Hillis, 1993 Barton Springs Salamander
NL honors the conservation group "Save Our Springs"
OD Eurycea sosorum Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetologica, 49: 249 [tc]

Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Tonkawa Springs Salamander
NL belonging to Tonkawa Springs — ref. locality
OD Eurycea tonkawae Chippindale, Price, Wiens and Hillis, 2000 Herpetol. Monogr., 14: 32 [tc]

Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 Comal Blind Salamander
L. tridentifera trident-bearer, epithet of Neptune — ref. to internal anatomy
OD Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 17, p. 14

Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 Valdina Farms Salamander Gr. trogle, a hole made by knawing Gr. dytes burrower — from which was coined the French word troglodytes meaning dwellers in caves — prob. ref. habitat
OD Eurycea troglodytes Baker, 1957 - Texas Journ. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 328-9 [tc]

Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 Oklahoma Salamander
NL belonging to Tyner Creek, OK — type locality, Adair Cty., OK, 1939
OD Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939 - Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 697

Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 Common Name TBA
NL belonging to Waterloo — poss. ref. locality
OD Eurycea waterlooensis Hillis, Chamberlain, Wilcox and Chippindale, 2001 - 2001 Herpetologica Vol. 57, Number 3, pages 266-280.

Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander
NL honors Inez Whipple Wilder
OD Eurycea wilderae Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 134

Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 SPRING SALAMANDERS
Gr. gyrinos tadpole and Gr. philos loving, fond of — ref. multi-year larval phase
OD Gyrinophilus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 108

Gyrinophilus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 Berry Cave Salamander
L. gula throat and L. lineatus marked w/lines — ref. striped throat
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus gulolineatus Brandon, 1965 - Copeia, p. 347

Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Tennessee Cave Salamander
Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201

Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 Big Mouth Cave Salamander
Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura the tail and Gr. -oides similarity to — ref. dorsal color like Necturus
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus necturoides Lazell and Brandon, 1962 - Copeia, p. 301

Gyrinophilus palleucus palleucus McCrady, 1954 Pale Salamander
Gr. palleucus white — ref. pale coloration
OD Gyrinophilus palleucus McCrady, 1954 - Copeia, p. 201

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Spring Salamander
Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, 1901) Blue Ridge Spring Salamander
NL honors Lewis E. Daniels
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi (Blatchley, "1900" 1901) - 25 Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 760

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 Carolina Spring Salamander
NL honors Emmett Reid Dunn
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941 - Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 101, No. 2, July 14, p. 2, pl. 1

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) Kentucky Spring Salamander
NL honors Ralph Dury
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930) - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 1, Nos. 5-6, p. [6]

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) Northern Spring Salamander
Gr. porphyros reddish-brown, purple and L. -icus calls attention to the color — ref. dorsal body color
OD Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green, 1827) - Contr. Maclurean Lyc., Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 2

Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 West Virginia Spring Salamander
L. sub below and L. terra ground and L. -aneus belonging to — ref. habitat
OD Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977 - Copeia, p. 626

Haideotriton Carr, 1934 GEORGIA BLIND SALAMANDERS
Gr. haidos Hades the abode of dead and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a European genus of salamander — ref. subterranean habitat.
OD Haideotriton Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 334

Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 Georgia Blind Salamander
NL honors Howard K. Wallace
OD Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 8, p. 335, pl. 11-12

Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838 FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER
Gr. hemi half and Gr. daktylion fusion of digits — ref. reduced number of digits on each hind foot
OD Hemidactylium Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 59

Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) Four-toed Salamander
L. scutatum armed w/a shield — costal grooves appear covered with shield-like plates
OD Hemidactylium scutatum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) - in Von Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Saur. Batr., Pt. 3, p. 119

Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 WEB-TOED SALAMANDERS
Gr. hydro water and Gr. mantis soothsayer or prophet —
OD Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 - Naturgesch. Thierr., p. xi

Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 Limestone Salamander
L. brunus brown — ref. adult coloration
OD Hydromantes brunus Gorman, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 153

Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) Mount Lyell Salamander
Gr. platys flat and Gr. kephalos headed — ref. to flat head
OD Hydromantes platycephalus (Camp, 1916) - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, p. 11

Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 Shasta Salamander
NL Shasta County, CA — type locality
OD Hydromantes shastae Gorman and Camp, 1953 - Copeia, p. 39

Leurognathus Moore, 1899 [:x]
Gr. leuros smooth or even and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. to flat palate devoid of a premaxillary fontanelle
OD Leurognathus Moore, 1899 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 51, p. 316

Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 WATERDOGS AND MUDPUPPY
Gr. nektos swimming and Gr. oura tail — ref. aquatic existence
OD Necturus Rafinesque, 1819 - Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Blainville, Vol. 88, June, pp. 417-418

Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 Alabama Waterdog
NL belonging to the state of Alabama — type collected near Tuscaloosa, AL
OD Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 121

Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 Gulf Coast Waterdog
NL honors George E. Beyer
OD Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 123

Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River Waterdog
NL honors Frank B. Lewis
OD Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 - Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., Vol. 11, p. 167

Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 Red River Mudpuppy
NL belonging to the state of Louisiana — type collected near Pollock, LA
OD Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 51, p. 143

Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) Mudpuppy
L. maculosus full of spots — ref. somewhat spotted dorsum
OD Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) - Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 41

Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog
L. punctatus having spots or points — ref. spotted dorsum
OD Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159

Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 Mobile Dwarf Waterdog
NL honors Henry P. Loding
OD Necturus punctatus lodingi Viosca, 1937 - Copeia, p. 126

Necturus punctatus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) Dwarf Waterdog
L. punctatus having spots or points —
OD Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) - Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 3, Charleston, p. 159

Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 EASTERN NEWTS
Gr. noto mark Gr. ophtalmus eye — ref. eye spots on sides and back
OD Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Black-spotted Newt
L. meridionalis southern — ref southerly distribution of this species
OD Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 30

Notophthalmus meridionalis meridionalis (Cope, 1880) Texas Black-spotted Newt
L. meridionalis southern — ref. southerly distribution of this species
OD Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820 - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Notophthalmus perstriatus Bishop, 1941 Striped Newt
L. per through (throughout) L. striatus lined, layered or channeled — ref. dorsolateral red lines
OD Notophthalmus perstriatus (Bishop, 1941) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2

Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Eastern Newt
L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color
OD Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) Broken-striped Newt
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. broken red lines on dorsum
OD Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1828) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 101

Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) Central Newt
NL louisianaensis belongs to the state of LA — type locality, New Orleans, LA, l9l4
OD Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis (Wolterstorff, 1914) - Abh. Mus. Nat. Heimatk. Magdeburg, Vol. 2, Pt. 4, p. 383

Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) Peninsula Newt
NL piaropus water hyacinths and L. -icola inhabitant of — ref. habit of living in beds of water hyacinths
OD Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duellman, 1952) - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 219, pl. 1

Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) Red-spotted Newt
L. viridescens slightly green — ref. common greenish color
OD Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., Lexington, Vol. 1, p. 5

Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 RED HILLS SALAMANDER
Gr. phaios dun colored, dark and Gr. gnathos jaw — ref. dark jaw lacking light diagonal line characteristic of other desmognathoid salamanders
OD Phaeognathus Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 66

Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 Red Hills Salamander
NL honors Leslie Hubricht
OD Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961 - Copeia, p. 67

Plethodon Tschudi, 1838 WOODLAND SALAMANDERS
Gr. plethore fullness or full of and Gr. odon teeth — ref. to the number of vomerine and paravomerine teeth
OD Plethodon Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 92

Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 Catahoula Salamander
NL honors Jackson Harold Ainsworth *BIO*
OD Plethodon ainsworthi Lazell, 1998 - Copeia, 1998: 967 [tc]

Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 Western Slimy Salamander
L. alba white and L. gula throat — ref. color of chin
OD Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 283

Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Blue Ridge Graycheek Salamander
L. amplus large body — ref. large body size
OD Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 Ozark Zigzag Salamander
L. angusticlavius bearing a narrow purple stripe — ref. to dorsal striping
OD Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 45, p. 266

Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1983 Tellico Salamander
L. aureolus golden, splendid — poss. ref. coloration
OD Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1984 - Brimleyana, Vol. 9, p. 2

Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 Caddo Mountain Salamander
NL belongs to the Caddo Mountains, AR — type locality of the holotype, l950
OD Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 148

Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander
NL chattahoochee — ref. locality
OD Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 55

Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 Cheoah Bald Salamander
NL cheoah — ref. locality, Cheoah Bald, NC.
OD Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander
Gr. chloro green and Gr. bryonis white bitter root juice — poss. ref. to slimy skin secretions
OD Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 108

Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) Redback Salamander
L. cinereus ash colored — ref. dorsal color of lead backed phase
OD Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 356

*Plethodon cylindraceus *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Plethodon cylindraceus (Harlan, 1825) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 156-157[tc]

Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 Zigzag Salamander
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. differences in dorsal patterns of P. dorsalis and P. cinereus
OD Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889 - Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 138

Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 Dunn's Salamander
NL honors Emmett R. Dunn
OD Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 47, p. 169

Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 Northern Ravine Salamander
NL.. electro ref. to electrophoresis and NGr. morphus change — prob. ref. to use of new technology to separate it from its previous name
OD Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999 [nc][tc]

Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 Del Norte Salamander
L. elongatus slender, attenuated — most slender western Plethodon
OD Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 216

Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 Fourche Mountain Salamander
NL fourchensis belongs to the Fourche Mountains, AR — type-locality, Polk Cty., AR, 1976
OD Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979 - Copeia, p. 109

Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) Northern Slimy Salamander
L. glutinosus full of glue, very gluey — ref. sticky skin
OD Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 357

Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 Southeastern Slimy Salamander
NL honors Arnold B. Grobman
OD Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949 - Herpetologica Vol. 5, page 112

Plethodon hoffmani Highton, 1971 Valley and Ridge Salamander
NL honors Richard L. Hoffman
OD Plethodon hoffmani Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 151

Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 Peaks of Otter Salamander
NL honors Leslie Hubricht
OD Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 59

Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 Coeur d'Alene Salamander
NL belonging to the state of Idaho — ref. type locality
OD Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940 - Occ. Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Puget Sound, Vol. 8, p. 38, figs. 1-2

Plethodon jordani Blatchley, 1901 Jordan's Salamander
NL honors David S.Jordan
OD Plethodon jordani Blatchley, "1900" 1901 - 25th Ann. Rep. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 762

Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 Cumberland Plateau Salamander
NL Kentucky — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951 - Herpetologica, Vol. 7, p. 105

Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 Kiamichi Slimy Salamander
NL Kiamichi — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 62

Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 Louisiana Slimy Salamander
NL Kisatchie — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 67

Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 Larch Mountain Salamander
NL honors Olaf Larsell
OD Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954 - Herpetologica, Vol. 10, p. 83

Plethodon meridianus Highton and Peabody, 2000 South Mountain Graycheek Salamander
L. meridianus belonging to the meridian — pres. ref. refers to its distribution endemic to the South Mountains
OD Plethodon meridianusHighton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912 Southern Graycheek Salamander
NL honors (possibly Maynard M.) Metcalf
OD Plethodon metcalfi Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc]

Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 Mississippi Slimy Salamander
NL Mississippi — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, 1989 Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 65

Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 Northern Graycheek Salamander L. montanus belonging to a mountain — poss. ref. type locality
OD Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000 [nc][tc]

Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 Jemez Mountains Salamander
NL belonging to the state of New Mexico — holotype found in Jemez Mountains, NM, l950
OD Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950 - Copeia, p. 73

Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 Cheat Mountain Salamander
NL honors Morris Graham Netting
OD Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, No. 19, p. 295

Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander
NL Ocmulgee — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 60

Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 Southern Appalachian Salamander
NL Oconaluftee — poss. ref. type loc.
OD Plethodon oconaluftee Hairston, 1993 [nc][tc]

Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heintze, 1933 Rich Mountain Salamander
NL Ouachita Natl. Forest, AR — area where the holotype was found, 1933
OD Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze, 1933 - Copeia, p. 121

Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 *NCN*
L. petraeus growing among rocks — prob. ref. habitat
OD Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton and Jacobs, 1988 - Herpetologica, Vol. 44, p. 135.

Plethodon punctatus Highton, 1972 White-spotted Salamander
L. punctatus spotted — prob. ref. pattern
OD Plethodon punctatus Highton, "1971" 1972 - in Holt et al., Res. Div. Monogr., No. 4, Pt. 3, Vertebrates, Virginia Polytechnic Inst., p. 176

Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 Ravine Salamander
NL honors Neil Dwight Richmond
OD Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 27, p. 288, pl. 30, fig. 1

Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 Savannah Slimy Salamander
NL honors Savannah — poss. ref. type loc
OD Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 73

Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 Sequoyah Slimy Salamander
NL sequoyah, a genus of trees in their habitat which in turn honors Sequoyah
OD Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989 - in Highton, Maha and Maxson, Illinois Biol. Monographs, No. 57, p. 68

Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 Southern Redback Salamander
L. serratus serrated or notched — "refers to the condition of the diagnostic character: the saw-toothed edge of the dorsal line."
OD Plethodon serratus Grobman, 1944 - Ann. New York Acad. Sci, Vol. 45, No. 7, p. 306

Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 Shenandoah Salamander
NL Shenandoah Mountains, VA and WV — prob. ref. type locality
OD Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967 - Copeia, p. 619

Plethodon shermani Brimley, 1912 Red-legged Salamander
NL honors ______ Sherman *BIO*
OD Plethodon shermani Brimley 1912. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:135 [tc]

Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 Siskiyou Mountains Salamander
NL honors Robert M. Storm
OD Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965 - Pilot Register of Zoology, Card No. 20, 1-2

Plethodon teyahalee *NCN*
*TRANS*
OD Plethodon teyahalee Hairston, 1950 - Copeia, p. 269 [tc]

Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 Van Dyke's Salamander
NL honors Edwin C. Van Dyke
OD Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906 - Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, p. 61

Plethodon variolatus Gilliams, 1818 South Carolina Slimy Salamander
L. variolatus spotted like small pox — ref. pattern
OD Plethodon variolatus (Gilliams, 1818) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 1, p. 460, pl. 18, fig. 1

Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) Western Redback Salamander
L. vehiculum vehicle, conveyance —
OD Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860) - Rep. Expl. Surv. R.R. Route Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 36th Cong. 1st Sess., House Ex. Doc. 56, Vol. 12, (Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4), p. viii (list of illustrations), pl. 31, fig. 4

Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 Southern Zigzag Salamander
L. ventralis of the belly —
OD Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997 [nc]

Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 Shenandoah Mountain Salamander
NL ref. locality
OD Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999 [nc][tc]

Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 Webster's Salamander
NL honors T. Preston Webster
OD Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979 - Brimleyana, Vol. 1, p. 32

Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 Wehrle's Salamander
NL honors Richard W. Wehrle
OD Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 69, p. 23, pl. 4

Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 Weller's Salamander
NL honors Worth Hamilton Weller
OD Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931 - Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci., Cincinnati, Vol. 2, p. 48

Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 Yonahlossee Salamander
NL Yonahlossee Road, NC — type locality, Avery Cty., NC, 1917
OD Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917 - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 37, p. 598

Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 DWARF SIREN
Gr. pseudes false and Gr. branchos gills — describer believed the gills spiracle covers
OD Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825 - Ann. Philos, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 216

Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 Southern Dwarf Siren (nominate subspecies is "Narrow-striped Dwarf Siren")
Gr. a without and Gr. xanthos yellow — refers to the difference in coloration between this and P. s. striatus
OD Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 183, pl. 1, figs. 1 and 2

Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 Everglades Dwarf Siren
NL honors L. Neil Bell
OD Pseudobranchus axanthus belli Schwartz, 1952 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sci.], No. 115, p. 1

Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Dwarf Siren
L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings
OD Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4

Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 Gulf Hammock Dwarf Siren
L. lustrum bog or morass and L. -icolus inhabiting — type locality, Levy Cty., FL, 1950
OD Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951 - Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst. Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 39

Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 Slender Dwarf Siren
Gr. spheniskos a small wedge — head and snout are narrow and wedge shaped
OD Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 31, No. 10, p. 277

Pseudobranchus striatus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) Broad-striped Dwarf Siren
L. striatus striped — ref. longitudinal markings
OD Pseudobranchus striatus (Le Conte, 1824) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 53, pl. 4

Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838 RED and MUD SALAMANDERS
Gr. pseudes false and Gr. Triton a Greek sea god and a genus of European salamanders which this resembles
OD Pseudotriton Tschudi, "1838" 1839 - reprinted in Classif. Batr., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 60

Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 Midland Mud Salamander
Gr. dia throughout and Gr. stiktos dotted — ref. distinct dorsal spotting
OD Pseudotriton diastictus Bishop, 1941 - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 451, p. 14, pl. 2

Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander
L. montanus belonging to a mountain — type specimen found on South Mountain, PA, l849
OD Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293

Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 Gulf Coast Mud Salamander
L. flavus yellow and L. -issimus most or very much — poss. ref. suffusion of light coloration that obscures spotting
OD Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130

Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 Rusty Mud Salamander
NL state of Florida — type locality, U of FL Campus, Gainesville, FL, 1936
OD Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, Art. 6, p. 175, pl. 1, fig. 5

Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird, 1849 Eastern Mud Salamander
L. montana a mountain and L. -anus belonging to — type specimen found on South Mtn., PA, l849
OD Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293

Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) Red Salamander
L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color
OD Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305

Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 Blue Ridge Red Salamander
L. nitidus bright or glittering — ref. brilliant dorsal color
OD Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, p. 133

Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Latreille, 1801) Northern Red Salamander
L. ruber red — ref. dorsal color
OD Pseudotriton ruber (Latreille, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, History Nat. Rept., Vol. 4, p. 305

Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) Blackchin Red Salamander
NL honors C.A. Schenck
OD Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912) - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 25, No. 28, p. 139, pl. 7, figs. 12-13, 15, 17-18, and 20-22

Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 Southern Red Salamander
NL honors Percy Viosca, Jr.
OD Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928 - Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, p. 247, pl. 15

Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 TORRENT SALAMANDERS
Gr. rhyakos stream and Gr. Triton Greek sea god and a European salamander genus
OD Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920 - Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. 7, p. 56

Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 Cascades Torrent Salamander
NL Cascades Mountains — ref. habitat
OD Rhyacotriton cascadae Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc]

Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 Columbia Torrent Salamander
NL honors James Kezer
OD Rhyacotriton kezeri Good and Wake, 1992 [nc][tc]

Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) Olympic Torrent Salamander
NL Olympic Mountains, WA — type locality, Lake Cushman, WA, 1916
OD Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 40, p. 2, pl. 1

Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 Southern Torrent Salamander
L. variegatus variegated — ref. dorsal color/pattern
OD Rhyacotriton variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951 - Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 471

Siren Linnaeus, 1766 SIRENS
Gr. seiren mermaids of Greek myth — ref. physical traits described by Oesterdam, l769: no hind legs, curving tail and body.
OD Siren Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged)

Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 Lesser Siren
L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size
OD Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269

Siren intermedia intermedia Barnes, 1826 Eastern Lesser Siren
L. intermedia in between — ref. intermediate size
OD Siren intermedia Barnes, 1826 - Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 269

Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 Western Lesser Siren
NL honors Morris Graham Netting
OD Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 29, p. 211

Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 *NCN*
NL texana belonging to the state of Texas — prob. ref. type locality or range
OD Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957 - Herpetologica, Vol. 13, p. 37 [tc]

Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 Greater Siren
L. lacerta a lizard and L. -ina pertaining to — ref. serpentine body and poss. ref. genus Lacerta
OD Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766 - Syst. Nat., 12th ed., Vol. 1, Pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda (not paged)

Stereochilus Cope, 1869 MANY-LINED SALAMANDER
Gr. stereos firm or solid and Gr. cheilos lip — alludes to the taxonomic character of the tongue attachment
OD Stereochilus Cope, 1869 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 21, p. 100

Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) Many-lined Salamander
L. marginatus bordered, lined — ref. streaked/striped color pattern on individuals of this species
OD Stereochilus marginatus (Hallowell, 1856) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 130

Taricha Gray, 1850 PACIFIC NEWTS
Gr. tarichos preserved mummy — poss. ref. rough skinned appearance
OD Taricha Gray, 1850 - Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad., Part 2, p. 25

Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Roughskin Newt
L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults
OD Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1

Taricha granulosa granulosa (Skilton, 1849) Northern Roughskin Newt
L. granulosa full of small grains — ref. rough skin of terrestrial adults
OD Taricha granulosa (Skilton, 1849) - Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, p. 202, pl. 1

Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) Crater Lake Newt
NL Mt. Mazama, OR — type locality, Crater Lake National Park, OR, 1942
OD Taricha granulosa mazamae (Myers, 1942) - Copeia, p. 80

Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) Redbelly Newt
L. rivularis of a brook or stream — breeds only in streams
OD Taricha rivularis (Twitty, 1935) - Copeia, p. 73

Taricha torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) California Newt
L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body
OD Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15

Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) Sierra Newt
NL Sierra Nevada Mountains — type locality, Butte County, CA, l937
OD Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) - Copeia, p. 65, pl. 1 and 4

Taricha torosa torosa (Rathke in Eschscholtz, 1833) Coast Range Newt
L. torosa full of muscle, fleshy — ref. thicker head and body
OD Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) - in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15

Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1895 TEXAS BLIND SALAMANDERS
Gr. typhlos blind and German molge salamander —
OD Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620

Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1895 Texas Blind Salamander
NL honors Richard Rathbun
OD Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1896 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 18, p. 620

Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 Blanco Blind Salamander
L. robusta strong, tough bodied — ref. robustness of species compared to T. rathbuni
OD Typhlomolge robusta Longley, 1978 - Endangered Species Report, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM, Vol. 2, pp. 1-10

Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1892 GROTTO SALAMANDER
Gr. typhlos blind and Gr. triton sea god and European genus of salamander — refers to loss of eyes in cave habitat
OD Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 115

Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1892 Grotto Salamander
L. spelaeum cave — type locality, Rock House Cave, Barry Cty., MO
OD Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1893 - Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 15, p. 116, pl. 9

Frogs and Toads

Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 CRICKET FROGS
Gr. akris locust — ref. call of genus, like insect song
OD Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 506

Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog
L. crepitans clattering — ref. repititious clicking call
OD Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59

Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 Blanchard's Cricket Frog
NL honors Frank N. Blanchard
OD Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, 1947 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 60, p. 39

Acris crepitans crepitans Baird, 1854 Northern Cricket Frog
L. crepitans clattering — ref. repeating clicking call
OD Acris crepitans Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 59

Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 Coastal Cricket Frog
L. paludicola inhabitant of a marsh — ref. habitat of species
OD Acris crepitans paludicola Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949 - Journ. Tennessee Acad. Sci., Vol. 24, p. 131

Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog
L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound
OD Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) Florida Cricket Frog
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back —
OD Acris gryllus dorsalis (Harlan, 1827) - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, p. 340

Acris gryllus gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Cricket Frog
L. gryllus cricket, grasshopper — ref. similarity of call to cricket sound
OD Acris gryllus (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 TAILED FROG
Gr. a without and Gr. skaphis spade — notes lack of metatarsal spade
OD Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 899

Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 Tailed Frog
NL honors Frederick W. True
OD Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899 - Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., Vol. 21, p. 900, pl. 89, figs. 1-4

Bufo Laurenti, 1768 TRUE TOADS
L. bufo toad — Toads have been known since ancient times.
OD Bufo Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 25

Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 Colorado River Toad
L. alvus the womb or belly and L. -arius belonging to —
OD Bufo alvarius Girard, 1859 - in Baird, Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. 2, Rept., p. 26, pl. 41, figs. 1-6

Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American Toad
NL belonging to America — poss. ref. wide distribution
OD Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9

Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook, 1836 Eastern American Toad
NL belonging to America "most widely diffused of all American toads"
OD Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 9

Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 Dwarf American Toad
NL honors Charles C. Smith
OD Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bragg, 1954 - Wasmann Journ. Biol., Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 245

Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 [:x]
NL honors Edward Drinker Cope
OD Bufo americanus copei Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878 - Report Batr. Calif. Ariz. Nev., p. 207; reprint p. 4

Bufo baxteri Porter, 1964 Wyoming Toad
NL honors George Baxter
OD Bufo baxteri Porter, 1968 - Evolution, Vol. 22, p. 593

Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Western Toad
Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range
OD Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Bufo boreas boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 Boreal Toad
Gr. boreas north wind or northern — ref. northern range
OD Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 California Toad
Gr. halos sea, salt and Gr. philos having an affinity for — ref. coastal distribution
OD Bufo boreas halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 301

Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 Amargosa Toad
NL honors Edward William Nelson
OD Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 - N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, p. 220, pl. 3, figs. 4a and 4b

Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 Arroyo Toad
NL belonging to the state of California — ref. to type locality Ventura County, CA, 1912
OD Bufo californicus Camp, 1915 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, p. 331

Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 Yosemite Toad
L. canorus tuneful — "melodious trill uttered by this toad"
OD Bufo canorus Camp, 1916 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 59

Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains Toad
L. cognatus related by birth —
OD Bufo cognatus Say, 1823 - in James, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., Vol. 2, p. 190

Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 Green Toad
L. debilis lame, crippled or frail —
OD Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87

Bufo debilis debilis Girard, 1854 Eastern Green Toad
L. debilis lame, crippled or frail —
OD Bufo debilis Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 87

Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 Western Green Toad
L. insidior to lay in wait for, cunning —
OD Bufo debilis insidior Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 88

Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 Black Toad
L. exsul exile, refugee — ref. isolated distribution
OD Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 460, p. 3, pl. 1 and 2

Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 Fowler's Toad
NL honors Samuel Fowler
OD Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 - Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 21, p. 310

Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 Canadian Toad
Gr. hemi half and Gr. ophrys brow, eyebrow — poss. ref. to eye shape
OD Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 515

Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston Toad
NL belongs to Houston — holotype collected in Houston, TX, l952
OD Bufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 - Herpetologica, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 27, fig. 1

Bufo marinus (Linneaus, 1758) Cane Toad
L. marinus pertaining to the sea — Linnaeus described from a drawing in Seba (1734) who mistakenly believed the species lived on land and in the sea
OD Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 211

Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 Arizona Toad
Gr. mikros small and Gr. skaphis shovel — ref. tarsal spade
OD Bufo microscaphus Cope, "1866" 1867 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, Oct., p. 301

Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-spotted Toad
L. punctatus spotted — ref. spotted dorsal pattern
OD Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173

Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 Oak Toad
L. quercus oak tree and L. -icus belonging to — ref. habitat
OD Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 4, p. 109, pl. 22

Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 Sonoran Green Toad
L. retis of a net and L. forma shape and L. -is pertaining to — ref. net-like dorsal pattern of black lines
OD Bufo retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951 - Field and Laboratory, Vol. 19, p. 153, pl. 3, fig. 1

Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas Toad
L. speciosus showy, beautiful — misnomer, it's an ugly toad
OD Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86

Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) Southern Toad
L. terrestris pertaining to the earth — ref. burrowing habits
OD Bufo terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789) - Tabl. Encycl. Meth. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp., p. 8

Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 Gulf Coast Toad
L. vallis hollow and NL ceps head — ref. valley between cranial crests
OD Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 - Herpetologische Beitrage. Isis von Oken, Vol. 26, p. 657

Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's Toad
NL honors Samuel W. Woodhouse
OD Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 86

Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 Southwestern Woodhouse's Toad
L. australis southern — ref. southern Arizona distribution
OD Bufo woodhousii australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955 - Herpetologica, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 185

Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 East Texas Toad
L. velum a veil and L. -atus provided with —
OD Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951 - Wasmann Journ. Biol. Vol. 9, p. 366, figs. 1-4

Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 TROPICAL FROGS
Gr. eleutheros, free, unbound Gr. dactylos finger, toe — ref. no toe webbing

OD Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erpet. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 620

Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) Barking Frog
NL honors Auguste H.A. Dumeril
OD Eleutherodactylus augusti (Duges, 1879) - in Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 21

Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, 1939 Western Barking Frog
Gr. kaktos prickly plant and L. -orum of the — ref. type specimen collected in a cactus patch
OD Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum Taylor, "1938" 1939 - Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., Vol. 25, No. 17, p. 391

Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) Eastern Barking Frog
L. latrans barking — ref. call of breeding males
OD Eleutherodactylus augusti latrans (Cope, 1880) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 25

Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) Rio Grande Chirping Frog
Gr. kystis pouch, bladder and Gr. gnathos jaw L. -oides having a likeness to — poss. ref. to vocal sac of breeding males
OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 89

Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi (Stejneger, 1915) Rio Grande Chirping Frog
NL honors Robert Denham Camp
OD Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides campi Stejneger, 1915 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 28, p. 131

Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) Spotted Chirping Frog
L. gutta spotted and L. latus flank or side —
OD Eleutherodactylus guttilatus (Cope, 1879) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 18, p. 264

Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 Cliff Chirping Frog
NL honors Gabriel Wilson Marnoch
OD Eleutherodactylus marnockii Cope, 1878 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 12, p. 253

Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 NARROWMOUTH TOADS
Gr. gastros belly and Gr. phryne toad — pres. ref. to pot belly
OD Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 33

Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) Eastern Narrowmouth Toad
NL belonging to the state of South Carolina — ref. Charleston, SC
OD Gastrophryne carolinensis (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 83, pl. 11

Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, 1857) Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad
L. olivacea being olive green in color — ref. characteristic olivaceous dorsum
OD Gastrophryne olivacea (Hallowell, "1856" 1857) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 252

Hyla Laurenti, 1768 TREEFROGS
Gr. honors Hylas companion of Hercules — ref. incessant cry
OD Hyla Laurenti, 1768 - Syn. Rept., p. 32

Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 Pine Barrens Treefrog
NL of Anderson, SC — misnomer, presumed found in SC, l854
OD Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60

Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 Canyon Treefrog
L. arena sand, sandy area and L. color color or tone — ref. dorsal coloration
OD Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1886 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, p. 84

Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 Bird-voiced Treefrog
L. avis bird and L. voca call, cry — ref. call of male frog
OD Hyla avivoca Viosca, 1928 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 41, p. 89

Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 California Treefrog
L. cadaver a corpse and L. -ina having the appearance of — ref. pale corpse-like appearance in life
OD Hyla cadaverina Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 84

Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 Cope's Gray Treefrog
Gr. chrysos gold and Gr. kelis spot or stain — ref. coloration inside of hind legs
OD Hyla chrysoscelis Cope, 1880 - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 17, p. 29

Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1792) Green Treefrog
L. cinerea ash-colored — ref. color in preservative
OD Hyla cinerea (Schneider, 1799) - Hist. Amph., Vol. 1, p. 174

Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 Mountain Treefrog
L. eximia uncommon, distinguished — ref. striking appearance
OD Hyla eximia Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61

Hyla femoralis Bosc, in Daudin, 1800 Pine Woods Treefrog
L. femuralis pertaining to the hindleg — poss. ref. leg markings
OD Hyla femoralis Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 10

Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 Barking Treefrog
L. gratiosa favored or beloved —
OD Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 8, p. 146, pl. 4

Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 Squirrel Treefrog
Eng. squirrel and L. -ella diminutive "little" — poss. allusion to the chattering call
OD Hyla squirella Bosc, 1800 - in Daudin, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip., Vol. 1, p. 9

Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1823 Gray Treefrog
L. versi changing, variable and L. color color — ref. ability to change color
OD Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 281

Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 SHEEP FROGS
Gr. hypo under, beneath or lesser Gr. pachos thickness —
OD Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 - Nachr. Ges. Wiss Gottingen, Vol. 18, p. 351

Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) Sheep Frog
NL variola full of small spots, like small pox — ref. pattern
OD Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 18, p. 131

Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 TROPICAL FROGS
Gr. leptos fine, slender, thin and Gr. daktylos fingers, digits —
OD Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 - Neue Classif. der Rept., p. 38

Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877)[:x]
L. fragilis fragile or brittle —
OD Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877) - Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, Ser. 7, Vol. 1, p. 182

Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) White-lipped Frog
L. labialis pertaining to the lips —
OD Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 90

Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 [:x]
Gr. limne marsh and Gr. aoidos singer — ref. marshy habitat and chorusing ability

OD Limnaoedus Mittleman and List, 1953 - Copeia, Vol. 2, p. 83

Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 WEST INDIAN TREEFROGS
Gr. osteon bone Gr. pileos cap — ref. co-ossified skin on top of head
OD Osteopilus Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept. p. 30

Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Cuban Treefrog
L. septentrionalis northern — the describers thought preserved specimen came from Norway!
OD Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 538

Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 CHORUS FROGS
Gr. pseudes false, deceptive and Gr. akris locust — means "false Acris" with ref. to genus Acris
OD Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept., p. 31

Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) Mountain Chorus Frog
Gr. brachys short and Gr. phone sound or voice — ref. short trill
OD Pseudacris brachyphona (Cope, 1889) - Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., No. 34, p. 341

Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 Brimley's Chorus Frog
NL honors Clement Samuel Brimley
OD Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933 - Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 272, p. 2

Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) Spotted Chorus Frog
NL honors John Henry Clark
OD Pseudacris clarkii (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60

Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Spring Peeper
L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings
OD Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275

Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) Southern Spring Peeper
NL honors William Bartram
OD Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana (Harper, 1939) - Notulae Naturae, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 27, p. 1

Pseudacris crucifer crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) Northern Spring Peeper
L. crucis cross and L. -ifer bearer — ref. to crossed dorsal markings
OD Pseudacris crucifer (Wied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 5, p. 275

Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) Upland Chorus Frog
L. feriarum holidays, leisure —
OD Pseudacris feriarum (Baird, 1854) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 60

Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 Illinois Chorus Frog
NL belonging to the state of IL — type specimen collected in 1950 by a U of IL herpetology class
OD Pseudacris illinoensis Smith, 1951 - Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, p. 191

Pseudacris kalmi Harper, 1955 New Jersey Chorus Frog
NL honors Pehr Kalm
OD Pseudacris feriarum kalmi Harper, 1955 - Nat. Hist. Misc. [Chicago Acad. Sciences], No. 150, p. 1

Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) Boreal Chorus Frog
L. maculata spotted —
OD Pseudacris maculata (Agassiz, 1850) - Lake Superior, p. 378, pl. 6, figs. 1-3

Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog
NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts"
OD Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Pseudacris nigrita nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) Southern Chorus Frog
NL nigrita blackened — "above black, speckled w/small white warts"
OD Pseudacris nigrita (Le Conte, 1825) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) Florida Chorus Frog
L. verrucosa full of warts — ref. skin texture
OD Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa (Cope, 1877) - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 17, p. 87

Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) Little Grass Frog
L. ocularis of the eye — ref. ocular stripe
OD Pseudacris ocularis (Bosc and Daudin, 1801) - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 187

Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) Ornate Chorus Frog
L. ornata decorated or ornate — ref. ornate dorsal markings
OD Pseudacris ornata (Holbrook, 1836) - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 97, pl. 16

Pseudacris regilla Baird and Girard, 1852 Pacific Treefrog
L. regilla regal, splendid — prob. ref. markings — formerly Hyla regilla
OD Hyla or Pseudacris regilla (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 Strecker's Chorus Frog
NL honors John K. Strecker, Jr.
OD Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933 - Handbook of Frogs and Toads, p. 26, pl. 35

Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) Western Chorus Frog
L. tri three and L. seriata lines or serrations — ref. dark lines on dorsum
OD Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838) - Reise Nord-Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 4, p. 249

Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 BURROWING TREEFROGS
Gr. pterna heel and Gr. hyla genus Hyla — ref. spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles
OD Pternohyla Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326

Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 Lowland Burrowing Treefrog
L. fodiens digging — describer presumed spade-like inner metatarsal tubercles were adapted for digging
OD Pternohyla fodiens Boulenger, 1882 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 10, p. 326

Rana Linnaeus, 1758 TRUE FROGS
L. rana frog — "Rana" probably mimics how the Romans heard their call.
OD Rana Linnaeus, 1758 - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 210

Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Crawfish Frog
L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color
OD Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173

Rana areolata areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 Southern Crawfish Frog
L. areolata marked with small spaces or — ref. light margined dorsal spots rings of color
OD Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 173

Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davies, 1878 Northern Crawfish Frog
L. circuli circles, rings and L. -osa full of — ref. light margined spots
OD Rana areolata circulosa Rice and Davis, 1878 - in Jordan, Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northeastern U.S., Ed. 2, p. 355

Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Red-legged Frog
L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs
OD Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Rana aurora aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 Northern Red-legged Frog
L. aurora dawn, red — ref. red color of underside of hind legs
OD Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 California Red-legged Frog
NL honors Joseph Drayton
OD Rana aurora draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 174

Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 Rio Grande Leopard Frog
NL honors Jean Louis Berlandier
OD Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 - Report U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, Rept., p. 27, pl. 36, figs. 7-10

Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 Plains Leopard Frog
NL honors W. Frank Blair
OD Rana blairi Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown and Brown, 1973 - Occ. Pap. Texas Tech. Univ., Vol. 18, p. 3

Rana boylii Baird, 1854 Foothill Yellow-legged Frog
NL honors C.C. Boyle
OD Rana boylii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62

Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 Gopher Frog (nominate subspecies "Carolina Gopher Frog")
L. capito one that has a large head — ref. large head
OD Rana capito Le Conte, 1855 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 425, pl. 5

Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 Florida Gopher Frog
L. aesopus dwarf — poss. ref. hump back
OD Rana capito aesopus Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517

Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 Dusky Gopher Frog
L. sevosa full of tallow or grease — ref. slimy or tallowy appearance
OD Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940 - Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. 28, p. 137, pl. 12, figs. 1 and 2

Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 Cascades Frog
NL of the Cascade Mountains, WA — "named from the region in which it was first found"
OD Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 - Herpetologica, Vol. 1, p. 145

Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 Bullfrog
NL honors Mark Catesby
OD Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 - Gen. Zool., Vol. 3, Pt. 1, p. 106, pl. 33

Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 Chiricahua Leopard Frog
NL belongs to the Chiricahua Mountains, AZ — ref. type locality, 1971
OD Rana chiricahuensis Platz and Mecham, 1979 - Copeia, p. 383

Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 Green Frog
L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog
OD Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157

Rana clamitans clamitans Latreille, 1801 Bronze Frog
L. clamitans loud calling — ref. loud cry of this frog
OD Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 - in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 2, p. 157

Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) Green Frog
Gr. melaina black and Gr. nota mark — ref. dark spots
OD Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque, 1820) - Ann. Nat., p. 5

Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 Pig Frog
Gr. grylos pig — "their voice...resembling the grunt of a herd of pigs..."
OD Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901 - Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 24, p. 212

Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 River Frog
NL honors August Heckscher
OD Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 37, p. 143, pl. 11 and 12, fig. 2

Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 Columbia Spotted Frog
L. luteus golden-yellow and L. ventris of the belly — prob. ref. yellow tummy
OD Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 - Proc. Biol. So. Wash., Vol. 26, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 2-3 [tc]

Rana maslini Porter, 1969 Maslin's Wood Frog
NL honors T. Paul Maslin
OD Rana maslini Porter, 1969 - Herpetologica, Vol. 25, p. 213

Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 Mountain Yellow-legged Frog
L. muscosa mossy, full of moss — ref. dorsal lichen-like dark dorsal patches
OD Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 - Univ. California Publ. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 9, p. 118

Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 Florida Bog Frog
NL.. of Okaloosa, Florida — prob. ref. type locality
OD Rana okaloosae Moler, 1985 - Copeia, p. 379

Rana onca Cope, 1875 Relict Leopard Frog
NL onca spotted cat — ref. to leopard spots as in Panthera onca
OD Rana onca Cope, 1875 - in Yarrow, in Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Vol. 5, Zool., p. 528

Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 Pickerel Frog
L. palustris of the marsh — "...or marsh frog"
OD Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 Northern Leopard Frog
L. pipiens peeping — collector heard Spring Peepers, collected this species thinking that the loud whistle came from the larger frog.
OD Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782 - Naturforscher, Vol. 18, p. 185, pl. 4

Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 Oregon Spotted Frog
L. pretiosa to be prized or worth the effort — may refer to vivid adult coloration
OD Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 378

Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 Mink Frog
L. septentrionalis northern — ref. Canadian and northern U.S. distribution
OD Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 61

Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 Florida Leopard Frog
Gr. sphenos wedge and Gr. kephalos headed —
OD Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886 - Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 517

Rana sphenocephala utricularia Harlan 1825 Southern Leopard Frog
L. utricularius bearing a little bag — ref. throat pouches in the male
OD Rana spenocephala utricularius Harlan, 1825 - Amer. Journal Sci. Arts, Vol. 10, p. 60

Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 Ramsey Canyon Leopard Frog
L. sub- below and L. aqua water and L. vocalis calling from — ref. habit of males to call from underwater
OD Rana subaquavocalis Platz, 1993 [nc][tc]

Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 Wood Frog
L. sylvatica amidst the trees — "...or wood frog"
OD Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825 - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 282

Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 Tarahumara Frog
NL of the Sierra Tarahumare — type locality, Mexico, 1917
OD Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917 - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. 20, p. 416

Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 Carpenter Frog
L. virgatus striped L. pes foot — ref. to striped markings on rear feet
OD Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891 - Amer. Nat., Vol. 25, p. 1017

Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 Lowland Leopard Frog
NL.. belonging to the Yavapai Native American group — prob. ref. type locality
OD Rana yavapaiensis Platz and Frost, 1984 - Copeia, 940-948

Rhinophrynus Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1841 BURROWING TOAD
Gr. rhinos nose and Gr. phrynos toad — poss. ref. appearance
OD Rhinophrynus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 757

Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Mexican Burrowing Toad
L. dorsalis of the back — poss. ref. appearance
OD Rhinophrynus dorsalis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 758

Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 SOUTHERN SPADEFOOTS
Gr. skaphis shovel or spade and Gr. pous foot — ref. shape and adaptation of hind foot for digging
OD Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836 - N. Amer. Herp., Ed. 1, Vol. 1, p. 85

Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 Couch's Spadefoot
NL honors Darius N. Couch
OD Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 7, p. 62

Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) Eastern Spadefoot
NL honors John E. Holbrook
OD Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) - Medical and Physical Researches, p. 105

Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 Hurter's Spadefoot
NL honors Julius Hurter, Sr.
OD Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 23, p. 116

Smilisca Cope, 1865 MEXICAN TREEFROGS
Gr. smiliskos little knife — ref. sharp pointed frontoparietal processes
OD Smilisca Cope, 1865 - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 17, p. 194

Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) Mexican Treefrog
NL honors Nicholas Baudin
OD Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) - Erp. Gen., Vol. 8, p. 564

Spea Cope, 1866 WESTERN SPADEFOOTS
Gr. speos cave, cavern —
OD Spea Cope, 1866 - Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, 2nd Series, p. 81

Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) Plains Spadefoot
Gr. bombos buzzing and L. frons leaf or frond —
OD Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 53

Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) Western Spadefoot
NL honors John F. Hammond
OD Spea hammondii (Baird, 1859) - Rep. Pacif. R.R. Survey, Vol. 10, Williamson's Route, Pt. 4, No. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 2 ["1857" 1859]

Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) Great Basin Spadefoot
L. inter between and L. montis mountain and L. -anus belonging to — ref. to Great Basin locality
OD Spea intermontana (Cope, 1883) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 35, p. 15

Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) New Mexico Spadefoot
L. multi many and L. plicatus folded, braided
OD Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 15, p. 52

Turtles

Apalone Rafinesque, 1832 SOFTSHELLS
Gr. apalos soft, tender — ref. soft shell
OD Apalone Rafinesque, 1832 - Atlantic J. Friend Knowledge Philadelphia, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 64

Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) Florida Softshell
L. ferox wild, savage — ref. to ferocious disposition attributed to the species
OD Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 330

Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Smooth Softshell
L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace
OD Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7

Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell
L. calvatus made bare or bald — ref. smooth front edge of upper shell
OD Apalone mutica calvata (Webb, 1959) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, No. 9, p. 519

Apalone mutica mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) Midland Smooth Softshell
L. muticus curtailed, unarmed — ref. lack of tubercles on front edge of carapace
OD Apalone mutica (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 263, pl. 7

Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Spiny Softshell
L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell
OD Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6

Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell
L. asper rough, harsh — ref. occasional rounded prominences on upper shell of large females
OD Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 405

Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) Texas Spiny Softshell
NL honors William H. Emory
OD Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz, 1857) - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 407; Vol. 2, pl. 6, figs. 4 and 5

Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) Guadalupe Spiny Softshell
NL belonging to the Guadalupe River, TX — type locality, McMullen County, TX, 1962
OD Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 517

Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1941) Western Spiny Softshell
NL honors Norman E. Hartweg
OD Apalone spinifera hartwegi (Conant and Goin, 1948) - Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 510, p. 1, map 1, pl. 1 and 2

Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) Pallid Spiny Softshell
L. pallidus pale — ref. to juvenile pattern
OD Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb, 1962) - Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 522

Apalone spinifera spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) Eastern Spiny Softshell
L. spina thorn or spine and L. -ifer bearing — ref. spine-like tubercules along front edge of upper shell
OD Apalone spinifera (Le Sueur, 1827) - Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 15, p. 258, pl. 6

Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 LOGGERHEADS
Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles
OD Caretta Rafinesque, 1814 - Rafinesque, Specchio Sci., Palermo, Vol. 2, No. 9, Sept. 1, p. 66

Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Loggerhead
Sp. carey type of turtle and L.-etta little — poss. ref. smaller size than other sea turtles
OD Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197

Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 GREEN TURTLES
Gr. chelone tortoise —
OD Chelonia Brongniart, 1800 - Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, Vol. 2, p. 89

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) Green Turtle
Gr. mydos wetness, dampness — ref. aquatic habitat
OD Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 197

Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 [:x]
NL honors Jean Louis R. Agassiz
OD Chelonia mydas agassizii Bocourt, 1868 - Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 5, Zool., Vol. 10, Pts. 1-3, p. 122

Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 SNAPPING TURTLES
Gr. chelys turtle and Gr. hydros water serpent — ref. aquatic nature of genus
OD Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 - Konigsberg. Arch. Natur. Math., Vol. 1, Pt. 3, p. 292

Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle
L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck
OD Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199

Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 Florida Snapping Turtle
NL Osceola, FL — honors "Seminole Osceola"
OD Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918 - Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 31, p. 89

Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Snapping Turtle
L. serpentina snake-like — ref. snake-like neck
OD Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) - Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1, p. 199

Chrysemys Gray, 1844 PAINTED TURTLES
Gr. khrysos golden, yellow or lt. green and Gr. emys turtle — prob. ref. yellow stripes on head of all members of this genus
OD Chrysemys Gray, 1844 - Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 27

Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) Painted Turtle
L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern
OD Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348

Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) Western Painted Turtle
NL honors Thomas Bell.
OD Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray, 1831) - Syn. Rept., p. 31

Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 Southern Painted Turtle
L. dorsalis pertaining to the back — ref. dorsal stripe
OD Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 440

Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 Midland Painted Turtle
L. marginata bordered — -ref. marginal scute markings
OD Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 439; Vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 5, figs. 1-4

Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider, 1783) Eastern Painted Turtle
L. picta painted, embroidered — prob. ref. delicate shell pattern
OD Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783) - Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348

Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 POND TURTLES
Gr. klemmys turtle or tortoise —
OD Clemmys Ritgen, 1828 - Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., Vol. 14, Pt. 1, p. 272

Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) Spotted Turtle
L. guttata spotted, speckled — ref. random yellow spots on carapace
OD Clemmys guttata (Schneider, 1792) - Schr. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 10, p. 264

Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) Wood Turtle
L. insculpta carved, engraved — ref. sculpturing of carapacial scutes
OD Clemmys insculpta (Le Conte, 1830) - Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 3, p. 112

Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Western Pond Turtle
L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapacial pattern
OD Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177

Clemmys marmorata marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) Northwestern Pond Turtle
L. marmorata marbled — ref. marbled carapace pattern
OD Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard, 1852) - Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 6, p. 177

Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 Southwestern Pond Turtle
L. pallida pale — ref. light background color of sides and ventral surface of neck
OD Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger, 1945 - Copeia, p. 158, figs. 4 and 5

Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepff, 1801) Bog Turtle
NL honors Gotthilf H. Muhlenberg
OD Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepf, 1801) - Hist. Testud., Pt. 6, p. 132, pl. 31

Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 CHICKEN TURTLES
Gr. deire neck and Gr. chelys tortoise — poss. allusion to extra long neck
OD Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857 - Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. 1, p. 441

Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) Chicken Turtle
L. reticulum a net and L. -aria like, or connected with — ref. to carapace pattern
OD Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille, 1801) - Hist. Nat. Rept., Vol. 1, p. 124

Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 Florida Chicken Turtle
Gr. chrysea golden — ref. plastron color
OD Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 476

Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 Western Chicken Turtle
Gr. miaria defiled, stained — -ref. to plastral pattern
OD Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz, 1956 - Fieldiana, Zoology, Chicago Natl. Hist. Mus., Vol. 34, No. 41, p. 486 <

Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained

Translations and Original Descriptions

Salamanders

Frogs and Toads

Turtles

Scientific and Common Names
of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America - Explained